Railway Science (Biology-Reproduction in Plant) (Part-II)

Sexual reproduction - This method involves the union of two parents (pollen and egg) to create a new plant. Spore formation - When a plant produces tiny spores and propagates through them. Example - Fungi, Mucor. Regeneration - The ability of an organism to regrow its lost parts. Example - Lizard loses its tail and then grows it back.

spores - These are reproductive cells capable of developing into new organisms without fusion with another reproductive cell. Mode of asexual reproduction by different living things: Budding- Hydra; Fragmentation - Spirogyra; Regeneration - Planaria; Fission - Amoeba.

Spirogyra - a type of green algae that can regrow its filaments if they are broken or damaged. Planaria - a type of flatworm that can regrow its head, tail, and even internal organs if they are lost.
Sporulation - a process by which some bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists produce spores. Fertilization - the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote.
Fragmentation - a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism breaks into pieces, each of which can regrow into a new individual.

The F1 generation indeed refers to the first offspring generation resulting from a cross between two parents with different contrasting traits. For example, if we consider the gene for flower color in pea plants, yellow is a dominant trait controlled by the dominant allele (Y) and green is a recessive trait controlled by the recessive allele (y).
When a plant with YY (homozygous dominant) is crossed with a plant with yy (homozygous recessive), the F1 generation will be all Yy (heterozygous). All the plants in the F1 generation will have yellow flowers.

Anther (in flowering plants), the part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen. The flowers consist of male reproductive part (Stamen) and a female reproductive part (Pistil or Carpel).
The two parts of a typical stamen – the long and slender stalk called the filament, and the terminal generally bilobed structure called the anther. Each pistil has three parts: the stigma, style and ovary.

A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that focuses on the inheritance of a single trait. Alleles can be similar as in the case of homozygotes TT and tt or can be dissimilar as in the case of the heterozygote Tt. Since, the Tt plant is heterozygous for genes controlling one character (height), it is a monohybrid and the cross between TT and tt is a monohybrid cross.

The pairs of contrasting traits act independently, each pair assorts independently. Dihybrid cross is the cross between two different genes that differ in two observed traits. Mendel performed a dihybrid cross and examined the phenotypes and genotypes of F2 plants. Mendel observed that each pair of traits was inherited independently.

Types - Self-pollination - Pollen transfer between the anther and stigma belonging to the same flower. Cross-pollination - Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of different flowers belonging to the same plant or different plants. Factor helping Pollination - Birds, Bees, water, Wind, Butterflies. Anther - The male parts of the flower. Stigma - The female parts of the flower.

anther: It is the sac-like structure on the stamen (male reproductive organ) that contains the anthers where pollen grains are produced through meiosis. Stigma: The stigma is the receptive part of the female reproductive organ of a flower, called the pistil.

Rhizopus: This is a fungus that reproduces asexually by producing sporangia, which contain numerous spores. When the sporangia bursts open, the spores are released and can germinate into new fungal colonies.
Hydra is a freshwater cnidarian that reproduces mainly through asexual budding. Planaria flatworms can reproduce both sexually and asexually, but asexual reproduction primarily involves fragmentation. Bryophyllum plant reproduces vegetatively through leaf buds.