Railway Science (Biology-Reproduction in Plant)

Mendel first experimented with just one characteristic of a pea plant at a time. He began with flower color. He cross-pollinated purple- and white -flowered parent plants.
The F1 generation is produced by cross-pollination of two parent (P) plants. The F2 generation results from self-pollination of F1 plants, and contains 75% purple flowers and 25% white flowers.
However, recessive traits reappeared in second-generation (F2) pea plants in a ratio of 3:1 (dominant to recessive). This type of experiment is known as a monohybrid cross.

Pinus is the largest genus of the Pinaceae, the pine family which first appeared in the Jurassic period. The Deodar tree (Himalayan Cedar) is a coniferous evergreen tree native to the western Himalayas in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, India and Nepal.
Its scientific name is Cedrus deodara and it belongs to the family Pinaceae. Ipomoea is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae with over 600 species.

Entomophilous flowers are colorful, fragrant, and full of nectar. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the ovary of the plant. Pollination by insects occurs when insects move from one plant to another in search of food. Insects are the most common biotic agents of pollination. Example - Bees and butterflies.

Plumule - Part of the seed embryo that develops into the shoot system of the plant, including the stem, leaves, and future branches. Cotyledon (play a role in nutrient absorption and storage during germination) - They are usually present in the seed and serve as a food reserve for the developing seedling. Epicotyl - Portion of the plant embryo located above the cotyledons and below the plumule.

Examples - Fruits, grains, vegetables, trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers. Thallophyta - It is a division of the plant kingdom including primitive forms of plant life showing a simple plant body. Examples - Ulothryx, Cladophora, Spirogyra, Ulva, and Chara.
Pteridophyta - It is a division of flowerless green plants. Examples - Whisk Fern, Dicksonia, Selaginella, Lycopodium, Equisetum. Gymnosperm - Vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule. Examples - Cycads, Gnetophytes, Ginkgo.

The seed is the embryonic stage of the plant life cycle. Most seeds consist of three parts : embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The embryo is a tiny plant that has a root, a stem, and one or more leaves.
The endosperm is the nutritive tissue of the seed, often a combination of starch, oil, and protein. The seed coat is a protective covering that can help seeds remain viable for long periods of time.
Types of seeds - Monocot seeds (seeds of angiosperms with single cotyledon) - Paddy, wheat, maize, ragi, bajra, ginger, banana, onion, garlic, and Dicot seeds (seeds of angiosperms with two fleshy cotyledons) - Chickpea, soya bean, tomato, lettuce, mustard, cotton, coffee, litchi, mango, bitter gourd.

Parts of a flower - Sepals, Petals, Stamens and pistil. Male part - Stamen, Female part - Pistil. Stamen has two parts: Anthers and Filaments.
Anthers are held up by a thread-like part called a filament. It carries the pollen (yellow). Pistil has three parts: stigma, style, and ovary.
Stigma - Sticky surface at the top of the pistil, it traps and holds the pollen. Style - Tube-like structure that holds up the stigma. The style leads down to the ovary that contains the ovules.

Sucker is a lateral shoot that develops from the Sucker is a lateral The underground stem of a banana plant is called a rhizome.
Tiller - shoot that arises from the base of a grass plant. Example - Bunchgrass. Crown division - form of plant propagation method in which Crown is separated from parent plant and that crown is capable of producing new plants. Example - Daylilies, Orchids.
Stem Cutting - vegetative propagation technique in which shoots are detached from plants. It is of 4 types - Hardwood cutting, Semi-hardwood cutting, Softwood cutting, Herbaceous cutting. Example - Hibiscus, russelia, clerodendrum, iresine.

Angiosperm : Plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits. Gymnosperms : Any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule. Monocots : Grass and grass-like flowering plants.
Bryophytes : The informal group name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants, which means they have no roots or vascular tissue, but instead absorb water and nutrients from the air through their surface (e.g., their leaves).
Double fertilization : In this process, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

Vegetative propagation is also called Asexual propagation in that the vegetative parts of a plant like leaf, stem, root or their modified forms are used for propagation. Plant propagation, in simple words, may be defined as multiplication or reproduction of plants. Types of propagation : “Sexual Propagation” - Propagation or multiplication of plants by seeds.