Railway Science (Biology – Respiratory System)

Alveoli - Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, enabling the transfer of oxygen into the bloodstream and the removal of carbon dioxide. Lungs - One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Trachea - The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi. Bronchi - Large airways that carry air from the trachea to the lungs. Bronchioles - Small air passages in the lungs that branch from the bronchi, facilitating the flow of air deeper into the respiratory system.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. Photosynthesis does not take place in plants during night time as the sunlight is absent and the accumulation of carbon dioxide is more so it feels suffocating to sleep under a tree at night.

During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and water and use sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose. This oxygen then dissolves in the surrounding water and is available for fish to extract through their gills, which allows them to breathe and carry out respiration.

Aerobic Respiration (Pneumatic Respiration) - A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Cellular respiration - A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

During anaerobic respiration, the partial breakdown of glucose which is a 6 carbon sugar, takes place and it gets converted to a 3 carbon compound called lactic acid.

Amphibians are cold-blooded animals capable of living in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They possess eyelids over their eyes and have a tympanum serving as their ear. Their alimentary canal, urinary tract, and reproductive tract converge into a common chamber called the cloaca, which opens to the exterior. With a three-chambered heart comprising two auricles and one ventricle, amphibians exhibit separate sexes, external fertilization, and oviparous reproduction with indirect development.

Exhalation, also known as expiration, is the process of expelling air from the lungs. This occurs through the deflation of the lungs, where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease. As a result, pressure within the lungs increases, and air is forced out of the respiratory system through the airways.

Cellular respiration primarily utilizes glucose to generate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) through a series of enzyme-mediated reactions. Both plant and animal cells use respiration to release energy from glucose.

Cartilage is a connective tissue that smoothes bone surfaces at joints. It is also found in the trachea, nose, ears, and larynx. Ligaments connect bones to bones. Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Respiration is the exchange of gasses with the breakdown of glucose and the production of energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). During the process of respiration, oxygen (O₂) is utilized, and carbon dioxide (CO₂), water and energy are released as products.