Railway Science (Chemistry-Carbon And its Compound)

It consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. Ionic bonds can be formed after two or more atoms lose or gain electrons to form an ion. Co-ordinate bond is a type of alternate covalent bond that is formed by sharing an electron pair from a single atom.

It is a covalent compound consisting of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms bonded together by covalent bonds. Covalent compounds do not form ions. In NaCl (Sodium Chloride) and KBr (Potassium Bromide), both sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions and chloride (Cl⁻) and bromide (Br⁻) ions are present. These compounds are ionic in nature and consist of a metal (Na or K) and a nonmetal (Cl or Br). In NaBr, both sodium (Na⁺) and bromide (Br⁻) ions are present. This compound is ionic in nature and consists of a metal (Na) and a nonmetal (Br).

The high tendency of carbon to catenate is because of high C–C bond strength. The examples of elements in which catenation takes place are Carbon,  Boron, Sulphur, and Silicon.

Catenation - ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon. Tetravalency - With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms. Allotropy or allotropism - property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state. Isomerisation - Transformation of a molecule into a different isomer. Divalent - An atom having two covalent bonds.

(Pure form of carbon) . produced by the destructive distillation of coal. Uses - As a fuel for fires, furnaces, and blacksmithing. Coal gas is a mixture of methane (CH₄), hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO), formed by the destructive distillation of coal. Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. Diamond and Graphite are the allotropes of Carbon.

Saturated carbon - Organic compounds having single bonds present between two carbon atoms. Example - Alkanes (Methane, Ethane, Propane etc.). Characteristic - Insoluble in water due to their non-polar nature but soluble in non-polar solvents, every single bond in it is a covalent bond.

Pentanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain. Alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ) is a class of hydrocarbons (containing only carbon and hydrogen), unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Ketones are acids that the body makes when it breaks down fat for energy. Alcohol - a toxic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing properties.

A Non-metallic chemical element in Group 14 (atomic number 6). Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond - exceptionally hard, transparent crystal, a poor conductor of electricity, a good conductor of heat, tetrahedral structure. Graphite - Pure form of carbon, dark and slick solid, unusual honeycomb-layered structure.

Covalent bonding. Examples - methane (CH₄), Ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Ionic bonding - An ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another. Example - NaCl (sodium chloride), NaBr (sodium bromide) and NaF (sodium fluoride). Hydrogen bonding - A type of chemical bond that weakly attaches a molecule to another molecule. Example - Hydrogen Fluoride, Alcohols and Carboxylic Acid.

Carbon compounds are covalent in nature. Covalent compounds do not dissociate into ions in aqueous solution and also it does not have free electrons. Since there is no flow of charge, it is a poor conductor of electricity.