Railway Science (Chemistry-Carbon And its Compound)

It is odorless, colourless and soluble in water under pressure. Some aerated drinks - Pepsi, coke, fanta. List of gases and their uses - Oxygen (medical use, welding), Helium (balloons, medical equipment), Acetylene (welding), Nitrous oxide (laughing gas, anesthesia), Freon (air conditioners, refrigerators).

Uses - as a source of hydrogen as well as a fuel, directly reduce iron ore to sponge iron, ammonia via the Haber process atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) reacts with hydrogen (H₂) to form ammonia (NH₃), which is used as a fertilizer.

Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) - A sucrose molecule contains 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms. It is a type of sugar that is commonly known as table sugar or cane sugar. It is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, linked together by a glycosidic bond.

Carbyne (linear acetylenic carbon) – An infinitely long carbon chain. It is considered as a one-dimensional allotrope of carbon. It has a chemical structure with alternating single and triple bonds: (−C ≡ C−)ₙ . It is predicted to have a tensile strength significantly higher than any other known material, including graphene. Other Strongest material: Diamond, Graphene, Osmium, Vanadium, Lutetium etc.

Naturally occurring mineral composed entirely of carbon. Each carbon atom is surrounded by four other carbon atoms and connected to each of them by strong covalent bonds.

Carbon is a poor conductor of electricity except for graphite (Which is the allotrope of carbon and it is a good conductor of electricity) and does not have strong forces of attraction between its molecules. The exception of the allotropic form of carbon known by the name diamond can also be considered which is the hardest substance of nature.

Example - C (Carbon) + O₂ (Oxygen) → CO₂ (Carbon dioxide) + heat and light. Allotropes of pure carbon include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes (C-60). Incomplete combustion of fuels like wood, coal, propane, and natural gas produces carbon monoxide. Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a gaseous air pollutant composed of sulfur and oxygen.

Carbon (C):- Atomic number- 6, Group - 14, Period - 2, Electronic configuration - (2, 4), Valency of carbon is 4.

Density - 160 g/m3 . Aerographite: It is a synthetic foam consisting of a porous interconnected network of tubular carbon. Density - 180 g/m3 . Carbyne: It is a linear acetylenic carbon allotrope. Diamond: It is the hardest known natural material. Density - 3.51 g/cm³. Osmium: Element with highest density (22.59 g/cm³).

A covalent bond (molecular bond) is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. The pair of electrons participating in this type of bonding is called a shared pair or bonding pair. Examples of covalent bonds - Hydrogen (H₂), Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂), Water (H₂O), Methane (CH₄). CaO is an example of ionic bonding (Transfer of electrons).