Railway Science (Chemistry-Common Name)

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the world authority on chemical nomenclature and terminology, including the naming of new elements in the periodic table.
IUPAC was established in 1919 by academic and industrial chemists who shared a common goal – to unite a fragmented, global chemistry community for the advancement of the chemical sciences via collaboration and the free exchange of scientific information.
It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). Headquarters : Paris, France.

Alkanes (CnH₂ₙ₊₂) are compounds that consist entirely of atoms of carbon and hydrogen bonded to one another by carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds.
Examples- Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆), Butane (C₄H₁₀). Alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ) are a class of hydrocarbon unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
They are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of double bonds. Alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂) are hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon triple bonds.

This compound contains 3 carbon atoms, so its parent alkane is propane. It also contains a ketone group (-CO-) group which is indicated by using ‘one’ as a suffix or ending. Dimethyl ketone (Acetone) - It is an organic compound with the formula (CH₃)₂ CO.
It is a colorless, highly volatile and flammable liquid with a characteristic pungent odor. Propane - It is three - carbon alkane gas (C₃H₈), sometimes known as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).

Ethane is a gaseous hydrocarbon. It is structurally the simplest hydrocarbon that contains a single carbon - carbon bond and each carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms.
Covalent bond - Consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms. Example - CH₄ , H₂O. Types - Single Covalent Bond (H₂ , Cl₂), Double Covalent Bond (O₂ , CO₂), Triple Covalent Bond (N₂).

It is used in the production of potassium phosphates, liquid fertilizers, and potassium soaps and detergents and acts as a food thickener and food stabilizer.
NH₄OH (Ammonia water, ammonia liquor, or aqueous ammonia): Ammonium hydroxide. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water.
Its solutions are mildly acidic. Ca(OH)₂ (Slaked lime): Calcium hydroxide. It is used in sewage treatment, paper production, and food processing.
NaOH (Caustic soda): Sodium hydroxide. It is used in water treatment, metal processing, fabric, paper, and soap manufacturing.

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) belongs to the group of carboxylic acids. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics.
Hydrochloric acid (Muriatic acid, HCI) corrosive colourless acid that is prepared by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in water.
Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) is a strong acid with hygroscopic and oxidizing properties. Sulfuric acid is also known as mattling acid or oil of vitriol.

Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂ ] is the inorganic compound. It is a white solid with low solubility in water. Ammonium hydroxide is a solution of ammonia in water.
Formula: NH₄OH. Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)₂ .
It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pickling lime. Sodium hydroxide (lye or caustic soda) is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH.
It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.

Sodium (Na) : Atomic number - 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, and highly reactive metal. It helps to balance levels of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Also used as a heat exchanger in some nuclear reactors, and as a reagent in the chemicals industry. Latin name of some elements : Sulphur - Sulfurium. Potassium - Kalium. Nitrogen - Nitrum.

Aluminium sulphate is soluble in water and widely used as a coagulating agent in the purification of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants and also in paper manufacturing. Aluminium sulphide (Al₂S₃) used in the preparation of hydrogen sulfide.

Corrosion of any metal is a natural process. It results in the conversion of the metal into its chemically stable form that can be either oxides or hydroxides or sulfides. Chemical Reaction of Rusting is as follows: Iron + Oxygen (from environment) + Water (Humidity) → Iron Oxide (Rust)