Railway Science (Chemistry-Discoveries)

Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden (pea). Antoine-Laurent de ‘Lavoisier’: “Father of modern chemistry”.
John Milton: He was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell.

John Dalton: Law of Conservation of Mass - Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
Law of definite proportions - Every chemical compound contains fixed and constant proportions (by mass) of its constituent elements. According to Dalton’s atomic theory - All matter is composed of small particles called atoms.
Ernest Rutherford: Nuclear structure of the atom, discovered alpha and beta rays and proposed the laws of radioactive decay. Antoine Lavoisier: “Father of modern chemistry”.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev - Periodic classification of the chemical elements (arranged in order of increasing atomic weight). John Newlands (1863.) - Every eight elements had similar properties and called this the law of octaves. Henry Moseley (1913) - Systematic relation between wavelength and atomic number.

Nitrogen (N): Constitutes 78% of Earth's atmosphere. Block - p-block, Group - 15, Atomic number - 7. Other gases and their discoverer: Oxygen (O) - Joseph Priestly. Hydrogen (H) - Henry Cavendish. Chlorine (Cl) - Carl Wilhem Scheele. Helium (He) - Frankland and Lockyer.

Oxygen (O) - It was discovered by Swedish chemist, Carl William Scheele (1772). Helium (He) - The first evidence of helium was obtained on August 18th, 1868 by French astronomer Jules Janssen.
Periodic Table - It was discovered by Dmitri Mendeleev In 1869. The periodic table of chemical elements organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows and columns according to increasing atomic number.

Marie Curie - Discovered polonium and radium. Awards : Nobel Prize in Physics (1903), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911).
Amedeo Avogadro (Italian mathematical physicist) - Avogadro’s law that, under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gasses contain an equal number of molecules.
Louis Pasteur (French chemist and microbiologist) - Discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.
Leonard Euler (Swiss mathematician) - mathematics and physics including analytic geometry, trigonometry, geometry, calculus and number theory.

Proust : The law of definite proportions states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass. Scientists and their discoveries : Democritus - Coined the word ‘Atom’, Lavoisier - Mass conservation theory, John Dalton - Atomic theory.

He discovered the chemical elements cerium (Ce) and selenium (Se), and technique of isolating silicon (Si) and thorium (Th).

Nuclear forces - The forces acting between 2 or more nucleons are known as Nuclear forces. S.N. Bose is known for developing Bose-Einstein Condensate. J.C. Bose invented the crescograph. J.J. Thomson is known to have discovered electrons.

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner made the first observations on platinum as a catalyst in 1823. He noted that a sponge of platinum could ignite a mixture of hydrogen and air at room temperature, highlighting its catalytic properties.