Railway Science (Chemistry-Metals , Non-Metals and Alloys)

It is a more active metal than iron, so it reacts with oxygen and water first, preventing the iron from rusting. Galvanization: Process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. Zinc is also used in alloys such as brass, nickel, silver and aluminium solder. Rusting: The exposure of iron (or an alloy of iron) to oxygen in the presence of moisture leads to the formation of rust.

It reduces the cooling rate of steel during the process of hardening. It increases the hardness but less than Carbon. The maximum attainable hardness of steel solely depends on the amount of carbon or cementite. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Vanadium (V) - It can be used to make steel alloys, in space vehicles, nuclear reactors and aircraft carriers. Nichrome is an alloy of Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr) that is used as a heating element in an electric iron.

It is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries. It can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible. Bauxite - It is the ore which is used in the manufacturing of aluminium.
It is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocks. Copper - Used in for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators. It is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to jewellery.

(Atomic Number - 32). Metalloids elements examples (Atomic Number): Boron (5), Silicon (14), Arsenic (33), Antimony (51), Tellurium (52). Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable.
Examples - Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au). Non-metals are the elements that do not conduct electricity and are neither malleable. Examples - Carbon (C), Sulphur (S), Phosphorous (P), Silicon (Si), Hydrogen (H).

Galena is the ore of lead (Pb, atomic number - 82). Galena (lead glance) is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). Bauxite (Al₂H₂O₄) is the ore of Aluminum. Pyrolusite (MnO₂) is an ore of manganese.
Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O) is an ore of Iron. Haematite (Fe₂O₃) is an Iron ore. Chromite(Cr₂FeO₄) is an ore of Chromium. Malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂) is an ore of Copper.Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is the main ore of Iron.

It is a reddish-brown liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor. Atomic number - 35. Used in many areas such as agricultural chemicals, dyestuffs, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and chemical intermediates. Iodine {(I), Atomic number 53} is a non-metal that exists in a solid state at room temperature. Chlorine {(Cl), Atomic number 17} and Fluorine {(F), Atomic number 9} are non-metal that exist in a gaseous state at room temperature.

Bronze (Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn)) - In making coins, bell and utensils. Stainless steel {Iron (Fe) + Chromium (Cr) + Nickel (Ni) + Carbon (C)} - For making utensils and surgical cutlery. Nickel steel {Iron (Fe) + Nickel (Ni)} - For making electrical wire, automobile parts.

(Non-metal, Atomic number - 16, Atomic mass - 32). Polyatomic - It refers to molecules or ions that consist of more than two atoms. Examples - Selenium and Phosphorous. Monoatomic - The elements which exist as a single atom.
Examples - Noble gases (Helium, Radon, Argon, Xenon, Neon, Krypton). Diatomic - The elements which exist in atomic pairs bonded to each other. Examples - Hydrogen, Fluorine etc. Uses of Sulphur - Manufacturing of fertilizers, manufacturing of matches, fireworks and gunpowder etc.

A soft, silvery-white, metal that heads Group 1, the alkali metals group, of the periodic table of the elements. It reacts vigorously with water.
Heaviest metal - Osmium (Os = 76). Bromine (Br = 35) - The only non-metal which is found in liquid state. Iodine (I = 53) - A non-metal which is lustrous.

Lanthanides and actinides are “f-block” elements. Lanthanides (consist of elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71) and Actinides (consist of elements from atomic numbers 89 to 103) series fall at the bottom of the modern periodic table.
Lanthanides are silver/white coloured metals that tarnish in the air due to their reactivity. Actinides are very dense elements. Transition elements : Elements which belong to groups 3 to 12 in the modern periodic table.