Railway Science (Chemistry-Miscellaneous)

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Headquarter : Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Member States have agreed to reduce the global population’s intake of salt by 30% by 2025.
Other minerals and their recommended intake : Iodine - Adults (150 mcg), Pregnant women (220 mcg). Magnesium : 19-30 age - Males(400 mg), Females(310 mg). 31+ age - Males(420mg), Females(320 mg). Calcium : 14-18 age - 1300 mg, 19+ age - 1000 mg.

Leaching - Loss or extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid. Ageing - Process during which structural and functional changes accumulate in an organism as a result of the passage of time.
Browning - Process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within.

Hydrogen has three isotopes - Protium (₁H¹), Deuterium (₁H²) or ‘D’ and tritium (₁H³), or T. Heavy water (D₂O) density, formally called deuterium oxide , is 11% higher than that of normal water.
It is used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. High doses of heavy water can prove toxic to many organisms.

RDX (Royal Demolition Explosive) - An explosive substance that relates to nitramines (A category of explosives from organic nitrate). Properties - Solid, Hard white crystalline, Water-insoluble. Inventor - Georg Friedrich Henning (Germany).

It is a protective gel that can be applied on skin and break down chemicals into safe substances, preventing farmers from toxic going deep into the skin and organs like the brain and lungs.
Prepared by - researchers at the Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bengaluru. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose - gelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose.
Used in - Cosmetic, Cleaning solutions. Sodium Polyacrylate (waterlock) - A sodium salt of polyacrylic acid. Zinc-oxide (ZnO) - An inorganic compound and white powder that is insoluble in water.

Cohesive force. Capillarity - The tendency of a liquid in a capillary tube or absorbent material to rise or fall as a result of surface tension. Surface Tension - The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. Adhesive Force - The force of attraction between the molecules of unlike bodies that act to hold them together.

Melting point is -209.9°C. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air. It is a colorless, low viscosity liquid that is widely used as a coolant.

Zones of Flame : Innermost Part (Dark Zone) - Combustion is incomplete, and there is a lack of oxygen in this Zone so it appears dark or black in colour. Middle Part (Yellow Zone) - Also known as Luminous Zone combustion occurs in the presence of sufficient oxygen and yellow colour is due to the glowing of heated carbon particles and other combustible gases. Outermost Part (Blue Zone) - Zone where complete combustion takes place with ample oxygen supply.

A cryogenic engine/cryogenic stage is the last stage of space launch vehicles which makes use of cryogenics to store its fuel and oxidiser as liquids instead of gas. Cryogenics is the study of materials at low temperature.
First Cryogenic Rocket Engine: RL-10 (in the World), developed by the Glenn Research Center (United States) in 1963; CE-20 (in India) developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (First flight - 5 June 2017).

Mixed fertilizers - Typically refers to a fertilizer containing two or more of the elements. They are primary nutrients required for plant growth. Nitrogen (N) is largely responsible for the growth of leaves on the plant.
Phosphorus (P) is largely responsible for root growth and flower and fruit development. Potassium (K) is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata, activation of enzymes.