Railway Science (Chemistry-Organic Chemistry) (Part-II)

catalyst is used in commercial hydrogenation of edible oils. Role of a catalyst: Speeds up reaction without being consumed. In hydrogenation, nickel adds hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, converting them to saturated fats.

Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from various plant materials collectively known as "biomass." It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor and pungent taste.

In a molecule of benzene, there are six single bonds between Carbons and Hydrogens, three single bonds between six Carbons and Hydrogens (alternatively).
Also, three double bonds are present between carbons (alternatively in hexagonal ring). So, a total of nine single bonds, three double bonds are present in the benzene ring.

Alcohols are organic compounds in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom. Other compounds: Common functional groups are carbonyls (C=O), alcohols (-OH), carboxylic acids (-CO₂H), esters (-CO₂R) and amines (-NH₂).

Properties - A three-carbon alkane with the chemical formula C₃H₈ . Uses: cooking, water heating, and clothes drying. Also used in industrial applications for powering forklifts, vehicles, generators, and engines. Methyl -CH₃ . Butene - C₄H₈ . Ethyne or Acetylene - C₂H₂ .

Benzene (C₆H₆) - Discovered by Michael Faraday. The simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon, colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and carcinogenic in nature.
Uses - In the manufacture of lubricants, plastics, rubbers, dyes, synthetic fibers, etc. Butene or Butylene (C₄H₈) is an alkene. Methane (CH₄) is a hydrocarbon that is a primary component of natural gas and also a greenhouse gas (GHG). Propene (C₃H₆) is the second simplest member of the alkene.

Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) - It belongs to a functional group called Alcohol (-OH). Other members of Alcohol: Methanol (CH₃OH), Propenol (C₃H₇OH), Butenol (C₄H₉OH).
Carbonyl group - It is a functional group in organic chemistry, having a double bond between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom (-C=O). Its primary members are Aldehydes (R-CHO), Ketones (R-C(O)-R’), and Carboxylic acids (-COOH).

Ethane (C₂H₆): It has seven covalent bonds and molar mass is 30.07 g. The carbon-carbon (C-C) bond forms a single covalent bond between the two carbon atoms in ethane. Each of the six carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds also represents a covalent bond.

Saturated hydrocarbons are also called paraffins. They burn with a blue colour non-sooty flame. They have only one covalent bond between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are compounds that contain at least a single double or triple-bond in their structure (Alkenes or Alkynes).

Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid that dissolves in water. It is commonly found in alcoholic beverages and is also utilized as an antiseptic and disinfectant.