Railway Science (Physics-Miscellaneous)

Class of lever: First-class lever - Fulcrum is placed between the load and effort force, Examples: See saw, scissors, pliers, car jack. Second class lever - Load is applied in between the fulcrum and the effort force, Examples: Wheelbarrow, Nutcracker. Third class lever - Fulcrum is at the one end and the effort force is applied in between the fulcrum and load, Examples: Human arms, tweezers.

The process by which the identity of a nucleus is changed when it is bombarded by an energetic particle. The total energy which means mass, energy, and momentum are conserved. According to Einstein's equation (E = mc2 ), if energy is conserved then the mass is also conserved.

The flow of charged particles through an electrical conductor. Formula: I = V/R; SI unit - Ampere (A). Scalar quantity: Have only magnitudes (Examples - Mass, electric potential). Vector quantity: Have both magnitude and direction (Examples - Electric field, torque, impulse).

Inertia - It is dependent on the mass of the object, the object with the greater mass will hold greater inertia. Velocity - the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. Formula, velocity, v = 𝑑𝑠/𝑑t .

The current is in the east-west direction. Applying the right-hand thumb rule, we get that the magnetic field (at any point below or above the wire) turns clockwise in a plane perpendicular to the wire, when viewed from the east end, and anti-clockwise, when viewed from the west end.

The strong attractive force that holds protons and neutrons together within an atomic nucleus. The gravitational force is the attractive force that exists between all objects with mass. Electrostatic force, also known as the Coulomb force, is the force of attraction or repulsion between electrically charged particles. The tidal force arises due to the gravitational interaction between two bodies, such as the Earth and the Moon or the Earth and the Sun.

Free fall refers to the motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone, without any other forces acting on it. This is because air and other environmental factors oppose the motion of the falling object, leading to a reduction in its acceleration and ultimately affecting its velocity.

Friction Force - The Force which opposes motion. Types of Friction Forces - Static friction, Sliding friction, Rolling friction and Fluid friction. Newton is the SI unit of Friction. Heat Energy - Heat is a form of energy transferred between two (or more) systems and its surroundings by virtue of temperature difference.

It is a scalar quantity that represents the amount of matter in an object. Velocity - A vector quantity that represents the rate of change of an object's position with respect to time. Weight - A vector quantity that depends on the mass of the object and the strength of the gravitational field. Momentum - A vector quantity that represents the product of an object's mass and velocity.