Railway Science (Science and Technology – Satellites)

Sputnik-1: It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the USSR on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. Bhaskara: It was the first Indian Earth observation satellite, launched in 1979.
Cartosat-2: It is an Indian Earth observation satellite in a Sun-synchronous orbit and the second of the Cartosat series of satellites launched in 2007. RISAT-1: It is an Indian radar imaging reconnaissance satellite, launched in 2012.

India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, in its fiftieth flight (PSLV-C48), successfully launched RISAT-2BR1, an earth observation satellite, along with nine commercial satellites of Israel, Italy, Japan and USA from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) Sriharikota.
It was the 75th launch vehicle mission from SDSC , Sriharikota. RISAT-2BR1- The satellite will provide services in the field of Agriculture, Forestry and Disaster Management. Mission life of RISAT - 2BR1- 5 years.

Himawari-9 is a geostationary meteorological satellite launched by the Japan Meteorological Agency on 2 November 2016.
The spacecraft was constructed by Mitsubishi Electric. It was launched from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Tanegashima Space Center using H-IIA launch vehicle No.
31 (H-IIA F31). Examples of Navigation Satellite - NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Examples of Communication Satellite - GSAT, INSAT, KALPANA.

Its primary objective of promoting space technology in educational institutions and encouraging research. It is developed in India by a consortium of seven engineering colleges from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Mission - Experimental/Small Satellite, Orbit - Polar Sun Synchronous, Launch Vehicle - PSLV-C15/CARTOSAT-2B.

RAVANA- 1 (cube satellite) : It was successfully launched by the Cygnus NG-11 mission in April 2019 from the International Space Station (ISS) along with two other BIRDS 3 satellites from Japan (Agency - JAXA) and Nepal (Agency - NESRA). India's first satellite Aryabhata (spacecraft) was launched by a Soviet Kosmos - 3M rocket (Russia) on April 19, 1975. China's first satellite Dong Fang Hong 1.

The Tundra or EKS (Edinaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema), Launched - November 2015. Roscosmos : Formed - February 1992. Preceding agency - Soviet space program (1955-1991). Headquarters - Moscow (Russia).

ASTRO-H (Hitomi) : An X-ray astronomy satellite commissioned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for studying extremely energetic processes in the Universe. Astrosat - India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space telescope. It was launched on a PSLV-XL on 28 September 2015.

ASTROSAT - The Space Astronomy Observator (satellite) was launched on September 28, 2015 from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using the launch vehicle Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C-30.
The satellite was placed into an orbit of 650 Km. Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), India's first interplanetary mission to planet Mars was launched onboard PSLV - C25 on November 05, 2013.
The fuels used in cryogenic engines are liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.

It was launched into a 650 km orbit of 6 degree inclination on September 28, 2015, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, by PSLV-C30 rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).
The nanosatellite Jugnu weighing 3 kg is developed by Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur under the guidance of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation).
The nanosatellite SRMSat is developed by SRM University to address the problem of Global warming and pollution levels in the atmosphere by monitoring Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O).
The Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint Indo-French satellite mission for oceanographic studies.