RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The statement that "Living beings inhale metals during respiration" is INCORRECT. Living beings inhale oxygen during respiration, not metals. Oxygen is essential for the process of respiration as it helps to break down glucose molecules to release energy that living beings need to survive. Metals are used in making cookware, manufacturing automobiles, and making jewelry.

Alcoholic fermentation is a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

• Pasteurization is a process of food preservation in which packaged and non-packaged foods are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C, to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.
• Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is the lactic acid in solution.
• Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water.

In humans, anaerobic respiration occurs most frequently during vigorous exercise. In order to produce energy, muscle cells have to switch to anaerobic pathways when their oxygen supply is depleted. The lack of oxygen leads to lactic acid formation due to the incomplete breakdown of glucose.

The Left atrium of the human heart receives abundant oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. The pulmonary veins channel the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs. This happens in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.

Glycolysis is a part of cellular respiration and is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It occurs in the cytosol of the cells. It is an enzyme-controlled ten steps reaction by which glucose, fructose or sucrose is reduced to form 3 carbon compound pyruvate with the production of ATP and NADH.

Hypoxia is a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis; this can result from inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues either due to low blood supply or low oxygen content in the blood (hypoxemia). Hypoxia can vary in intensity from mild to severe and can present in acute, chronic, or acute and chronic forms.

The larynx, commonly called the voice box or glottis, is the passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea below. It extends from the fourth to the sixth vertebral levels. The larynx is often divided into three sections: sublarynx, larynx, and supralarynx. It is formed by nine cartilages that are connected to each other by muscles and ligaments.

The human heart is divided into four chambers. The upper two chambers are called the atrium and the lower two chambers are called the ventricles. Right ventricle (RV) from right atrium (RA), receives blood and then pumps it (blood) to the lungs, where it is filled with oxygen. After this, the oxygen-rich blood comes to the left atrium (LA), then it goes through the left ventricle (LV) to other parts of the body.

In Anaerobic respiration, glucose breaks down without oxygen. The chemical reaction transfers energy from glucose to the cell. Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, rather than Carbon dioxide and water. Hence, the respiration carried out in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.