Sixth century B.C.E. – Political Condition

The famous historical physician Jivaka, contemporary of Lord Buddha, was related to the court of Bimbisara. Bimbisara had sent Jivaka to the state of Avanti's king Chandapradyota for medicianal service.

Many religious sects came into existence across the middle Ganga valley of northern India during sixth century B.C., which witnessed an intellectual environment due to the emergence of many new faiths and beliefs. The hermits following different faiths started preaching their thoughts and disclaiming each other's philosophies. It should be noted during that time, such type of intellectual movements was also emerged in other countries of the world. Confucius, Zarathustra and Pythagoras were the people who challenged the traditional assumption in China, Iran and Greece respectively. Vedic religion became complicated. There was more focus on purity of Shlokas and Yajnas. As a result, the importance of priests increased enormously. It began to spend much money on Yajnas and also motivated animal killings.

The town Kalpi is situated in the Jalaun district of Uttar Pradesh on the bank of river Yamuna. During the ancient period, it was famous as Kalpriyanath or Kalpriya Nagari, which was later known as Kalpi. It was built during 4ᵗʰ century A.D. by King Vasudeva.

The location of 16 Mahajanapadas of the 6ᵗʰ century B.C. are found in Buddhist text "Anguttara Nikaya" and Jain text "Bhagavati Sutra". The correctly matched list of Mahajanapadas and their Capitals is as follows :

Correct match of List-I with List-II is as follows :-

Sursen was an ancient Yadava ruler of Mathura.

Out of 16 Mahajanapadas, 8 were present in modern Uttar Pradesh.

Shreni system of ancient India was basically the organisation of traders and artisans which used to not just control the quality and prices of the produced goods but also the conduct of its members. This system was prevalent in Northern India as well as southern India.