SOLVED PAPER 2021 (CDS) (I) (English)

S1: Man has progressed with science and technology.
S6: What was difficult and impossible is now easy and possible.
P: He is on the road to conquer other planets.
Q: Now with scientific knowledge and technical know-how he has done what was impossible.
R: Hitherto he had been backward.
S: He has reached the moon.

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S1: We drink more water during summers.
S6: There are variations in weather conditions during different seasons.
P: On the other hand in North-eastern states, winters are mild except in the hills.
Q: Because in North India, both the sessions have extreme weather conditions.
R: School clothes during the summer are different from those during the winter.
S: Why do you wear lighter clothes during summers and heavy woolen clothes during the winter in North India?

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S1: Policy, like many other terms, is a complex concept.
S6: Public policy is the outcome of the struggle between government and powerful groups.
P: It is form of government control usually expressed in a law, a legislation, a regulation or an order.
Q: Public policy is what a government chooses as guidance for action.
R: A policy may be general or specific, broad or narrow, simple or complex, public or private, written or unwritten.
S: It takes different forms.

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S1: The dhoti kurta is a traditional lungi-type garment worn by men in India.
S6: Gandhi ji usually wore a simple shawl with his dhoti.
P: It is commonly worn with a loose long tunic.
Q: This, he started wearing after he abandoned his western attire of pants and shirts.
R: A dhoti, made of homespun khadi cotton cloth, was the garment favoured by Gandhi ji.
S: The dhoti is rectangular piece of unstitched cloth, around five yards long, wrapped around the midriff and tucked between the legs.

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S1: Languages in contact with each other cause change.
S6: Changes often occur first in informal and casual language.
P: The increasing use of English in many parts of the world affects both local languages and English.
Q: Language contact has long been recognised as a major engine of change.
R: This gives rise to new, hybrid language varieties.
S: A historical example is that of Danish and English which led to a major shift in the vocabulary and grammar of English.

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S1: Urbanisation in India has become an important and irreversible process.
S6: As per the Census of India 2011, the urban population is increasing rapidly.
P: The 2030 development agenda of the United Nations has emphasised the role of sustainable cities for making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Q: This shows that India is in the midst of transition from a predominantly rural to a quasi-urban society.
R: The process of urbanisation has been characterised by a dramatic increase in the number of large cities.
S: It is an important determinant of national economic growth and poverty reduction.

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S1: Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the distinction between right and wrong (morals) and the ultimate worth of actions or things (values).
S6: But values can be either inherent or conferred.
P: For many philosophers, only humans are moral agents, being capable of acting morally or immorally.
Q: Environmental ethics asks about the moral relationships between humans and the world around us.
R: Ethics evaluated the relationship, rules, principles or codes that required or forbid certain conduct.
S: Value is a measure or the worth of something.

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S1: The Constitution of India, introduced on January 26, 1950, laid down certain basic principles and values.
S6: The Constitution guaranteed all citizens equality before the law and equality of opportunity in government employment.
P: It was also to be a federation with demarcation of spheres of action between the Union Government and the State Governments.
Q: India was to be a secular and democratic republic with a parliamentary system based on adult franchise.
R: These include: freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully etc.
S: It guaranteed all Indian citizens certain Fundamental Rights.

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S1: The National Health Policy 2017 envisages creation of a digital health technology eco-system.
S6: Secondly, offering financial protection up to 5 lakh per year per family for the deprived 10 crores plus households.
P: Ayushman Bharat comprising twin missions is set to transform the nation's health system.
Q: This will also foster a linkage across public and private healthcare.
R: The policy aims at developing an integrated health information system that serves the need of all stakeholder and improves efficiency, transparency.
S: This will be carried out by operationalising firstly 1.5 lakh health and wellness centers offering preventive and primary care.

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S1: Ecology, history and geography determine the distribution of organisms.
S6: Others prefer to interpret biogeographical history through vicariance (range-splitting) events.
P: Some historical biogeographers are interested in finding centre-of-origins.
Q: Most species distributions result from a combination of all these factors.
R: But biogeographers tend to specialise in ecological aspects (ecological biography or historical aspects).
S: Ecological biogeographers are interested in the effects of environmental factors.

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