SOLVED PAPER 2023 (CDS) (II) (English)

S1: Mutations are random changes to the bases sequence of genes.
S6: Several mutations must occur in the same cell for it to become a tumour cell.
P: This is why mutations in them can result in uncontrolled cell division and therefore tumour formation.
Q: The few genes that can become cancer-causing after mutating are known as oncogenes.
R: Most genes do not cause cancer if they mutate.
S: In a normal cell, oncogenes are involved in the control of cell cycle and cell division.

S1: For most people, writing is an everyday occurrence.
S6: Nearly all the document types that we use in our daily lives can be created in a word processor.
P: A word processing software provides a general set of tools for entering, editing and formatting text.
Q: Many application programs have been developed to make writing easier and smooth operation.
R: One such most popular program is Word Processor.
S: When computers have affected our life styles and work patterns, this activity is also not left out.

S1: Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighbourhood subdivision etc.
S6: Depending on the social networking website, many of these online community members share a common interest such as hobbies, religion or politics.
P: Although social networking is possible in person, especially in universities, high schools or in the workplace, it is most popular online.
Q: When it comes to online social networking, websites are commonly used.
R: These websites are known as social sites.
S: Social networking websites function like an online community of Internet users.

S1: The principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended far beyond the USA through the impact of economic globalisation.
S6: Such pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy.
P: Strong downward pressure has also been exerted on public spending and particularly welfare budgets.
Q: Moreover, the need to promote product and labour flexibility has often led to trade union activity.
R: Globalisation has promoted marketisation in a variety of ways.
S: Governments reduce tax levels in the hope of attracting 'inward' investment.

S1: Traditional songs and music form the identity of the tribal culture.
S6: These tribal songs, on one hand, glorified their hero and on the other, inspired their fellow tribesman to participate in the freedom struggle.
P: The tribal area of Chhattisgarh always resonated with the sound of traditional tribal. songs and music.
Q: They reflect tribals' natural spirit, unconditional love, and innate energy at every stage of their life.
R: Initially, the tribal songs in their dialects, reverberated with the rebellion of their area and then with the movement that was prevalent in the country.
S: The forest areas and tribal settlements of Chhattisgarh, began the revolt against the British at the very beginning of the freedom struggle, much before the urban areas.

S1: The social group wider than the family in the social structure of the Gond Community is the clan.
S6: It is only the male who automatically takes the patronymic on birth, preserves it till death and it is carried forward by his children.
P: The members of the clan believed that they have been descended from a common ancestor.
Q: The clan among the Gonds is a unilateral group consisted of family members of which bear the same clan-name.
R: The clan being patrilineal - a man passes on his clan name to his children.
S: The Gonds use the term 'Pari' to express their group.

S1: The equatorial zone is generally an area of abundant precipitation (over 200 centimetres annually).
S6: It is to be noted that a larger part of the precipitation in this region falls as heavy intermittent convective showers accompanied by thunder and lightning.
P: The ascending air currents become intensified locally in the tropical storms that produce abundant precipitation in the Caribbean, the South-West Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the China Sea.
Q: Over the land areas, most of the precipitation occurs from the thunderstorms that are very frequent and active in the equatorial regions.
R: This high level of precipitation is due to the equatorial belt's high temperature, high humidity and highly unstable air.
S: The trade winds from both the hemispheres converge and given rise to a general upward motion of air.

S1: The period branded as the era of the Industrial Revolution was essentially a period of transformation.
S6: This wage was however, not enough to keep the worker properly clothed or fed and thus, the Industrial Revolution could not solve the problem of distribution.
P: A definite polarisation of industrial society between two main classes-capitalists and workers was visible.
Q: It marked the beginning of the final phase of the broader transformation from feudalism to capitalism and capitalism made its presence felt all over the Europe.
R: Actual production in the factories was done by the workers but the workers had very little and so for survival, they were required to continuously sell this labour power for wages.
S: In the capitalist mode of production, the factories and heavy machineries were owned and controlled by the capitalist class.

S6: First, the meteorological aspect of this discipline examines the process of gain and loss of heat energy by the air layer near the ground, keeping in view the fact that the basic principles apply at any place at the globe. Second, climatological aspect of the discipline examines the global pattern of thermal environment.
P: In other words, it is concerned with the study of the characteristics and behaviour of the atmosphere.
Q: The function of climatology is two-fold.
R: Climatology on the other hand is concerned with the discussion of the components elements of climate as well as the factors which determine and control its distribution.
S: Meteorology, the physics of the lower atmosphere, studies the individual phenomenon of the atmosphere.

S1: Europe was going through a political, social, economic, and cultural transformation in the eighteenth century.
S6: Great Britain emerged victorious in the contest for colonial supremacy in Europe and from that moment Britain concentrated more on her colonial possessions.
P: Thereafter, the European continent had been free from bloody conflicts for about three decades.
Q: This century saw far reaching changes which were to leave behind an enduring legacy.
R: However, the Treaty of Paris could not bring peace to Europe forever.
S: The Treaty of Paris (1763) brought an end to the Seven Years War.