Space (Physics) Part-I

Apollo-11 was the spaceflight that landed the lunar module 'Eagle' with two people on the Moon on 20ᵗʰ July, 1969. The NASA astronaut and mission commander Neil Armstrong was the first man who placed his foot on the Moon and his fellow astronaut pilot Buzz Aldrin joined him at the Moon's surface after a gap of about 19 minutes.

At present, NASA astronaut Francisco (Frank) Rubio holds the longest single spaceflight record by an American at 371 days. He returned to Earth on 27 September, 2023. Earlier, NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei completed the then record single mission by an American aboard the International Space Station of 355 days on March 30, 2022. Russia's astronaut Valeri Polyakov holds the longest single human spaceflight record at 437.7 days.

Tim Peake is a European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut of British nationality and a former International Space Station (ISS) crew member. Tim has a background as a test pilot and a British Army Air Corps officer.

Columbia, Challenger, Discovery and Atlantis-operations of all these space shuttles have now been closed by NASA. It may be noted that the space shuttles may be launched like rockets, revolves around the earth like satellite and again land on the earth like an aircraft.

The other option COBE is a satellite dedicated to cosmology. Its goals were to investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation of the universe. Falcon was the largest submarine cable network by Reliance communication.

It was inaugurated on 5th September, 2006. Presently this system connects India with four continents and eleven countries.

Curiosity: Curiosity is a car-sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission. It was launched from Cape Canaveral on 26 November, 2011.

MESSENGER: Messenger was a robotic NASA spacecraft
launched in August, 2004 to study Mercury's chemical composition, geology and magnetic field.

RUSTAM-I: Rustom is a medium Altitude Long Endurance unmanned combat air vehicle being developed by Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO).

Aakash-II: The new version of the world's cheapest tablet.

Atlantis was the last and final space shuttle of NASA. It was launched on 8 July, 2011 and landed on 21 July, 2011. Columbia space shuttle was disintegrated during re-entry in earth's atmosphere on 1 February, 2003.

The last Mission of Discovery space shuttle was held between 24 February to 9 March, 2011. On 16 May, 2011 the Endeavor was launched for its last space mission and it successfully landed on the earth on 1 June, 2011.

'VERITAS' and 'DAVINCI+' will be NASA's first missions to Venus since the 1990s. VERITAS is tentatively scheduled to launch in December 2027, and would begin orbiting Venus in July 2028 (DAVINCI +'s launch is targeted for 2029).

These missions are Part of NASA's Discovery Programme. The VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) mission will map the surface of the planet, study its geology, and hunt for volcanic activity.

VERITAS which means truth in Latin-will help scientists learn the facts about how Venus became a sulfurous inferno, while Earth evolved to become home to an abundance of life.

The DAVINCI (Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging) with its atmospheric probe, called Plus, will study the dense atmosphere of Venus to understand the trigger and evolution of the runaway greenhouse effect active on the planet.

Cassini-Huygens was a space research mission by NASA, ESA and ISA to send space probe to study the planet Saturn and its system. Juno is a NASA space probe orbiting the planet Jupiter. The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program that is led by the NASA.

The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent human base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars. VERITAS misssion is for studies of the surface and interior of Venus with a powerful new generation of scientific tools. Hence, (a) is the correct option.

Cassini-Huygens was an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn. So clearly pair 1 is not correctly matched. Messenger was a NASA's robotic spacecraft which orbited the planet Mercury between 2011 and 2015.

The Voyager program is a continuing American scientific program that employs two space probes, Voyagerl and Voyager 2 to study the outer Solar System. Clearly, pair 2 and 3 are correctly matched.

Cassini-Huygens was an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn. So clearly pair 1 is not correctly matched. Messenger was a NASA's robotic spacecraft which orbited the planet Mercury between 2011 and 2015.

The Voyager program is a continuing American scientific program that employs two space probes, Voyagerl and Voyager 2 to study the outer Solar System. Clearly, pair 2 and 3 are correctly matched.