Solution:Modular Ratio: Short term modular ratio is the modulus of elasticity of steel to the modulus of elasticity of concrete.Short-term modular ratio = Es/Ec
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel (2 × 10⁵ N/mm²)
Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete (5000 × SQRT (f꜀ₖ) N/mm²)
As the modulus of elasticity of concrete changes with time, age at loading, etc., the modular ratio also changes accordingly. Taking into account the effects of creep and shrinkage partially IS code gives the following expression for the long term modular ratio. Long term modular ratio.
Long term modular ratio (m) = 280/(3f꜀ₚ꜀)
Where, f꜀ₚ꜀ = permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete in N/mm².