SSC-Junior Engineer (Civil & Structural) Online Exam 2018 (Part-IV)

In the long term, storage can be taken as constant and ignored in drawing up a global inventory of annual water fluxes. It is reasonable to assume that world water reserves have not changed substantially in recent times.

This being the case, it follows that the quantity of water evaporated from the entire planetary surface must be replaced by an equal amount of precipitation; and it must be true that the annual global precipitation equals the annual global evaporation, so there is no net runoff.

where Iₜ = toughness index, Iբ = flow index (slope of flow curve), and Iₚ = plasticity index. Recall that the flow index, Iբ, is the slope of the flow curve (change in moisture content per number of blows) while the plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The toughness index is commonly used in soil stabilization to indicate the performance of stabilizing admixtures.

Many values range from 0.4 to 1.8. A definite correlation between the toughness index and the tensile strength of compacted soils has been observed. Scrap Value: If a building is to be dismantelled after the period of its utility is over, some amount can be fetched from the sale of old materials. The amount is known as Scrap Value of a building. It varies from 8% to 10% of the cost of construction according to the availability and utility of the material.

2. Real Fluid: A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids.

3. Newtonian Fluid: A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly, proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), is known as a Newtonian fluid.

4. Non-Newtonian Fluid: A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), known as a Non-Newtonian fluid.

5. Ideal Plastic Fluid: A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), is known as ideal plastic fluid.

• 425 microns diameter of the sieve is used for finding liquid limit of soil.
• Indian Standard IS: 2720 (Part V)-1970
• describes the cone penetrometer method for liquid limit determination.
• Sand are fine: 425 micron sieve.
• Liquid limit, W₁ is the content at which a soil is practically in a liquid state, but has infinitesimal resistance against flow which can be measured by any standardised procedure.
• About 120 g of air-dried soil passing through IS sieve 425 micron is taken and mixed with water such that the soil attains a putty like consistency.

Slope stability is based on the interplay between two types of forces, driving forces and resisting forces. Driving forces promote downslope movement of material, whereas resisting forces deter movement. So, when driving forces overcome resisting forces, the slope is unstable and results in mass wasting.

Slope failure, also referred to as mass wasting, is the downslope movement of rock debris and soil in response to gravitational stresses.

Three major types of mass wasting are classified by the type of downslope movement. The types of movement, falls, slides, and flows.

Disposal is usually done by incineration and/or burial at the plant site. This is possible to achieve because of its relatively small volume.