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Sustainable Economic Development

📆 October 3, 2024

Total Questions: 39

21. Human capital formation as a concept is better explained in terms of a process, which enables : [B.P.S.C (Pre) 2023]

1. individuals of a country to accumulate more capital

2. increasing the knowledge

3. increasing the skill levels

4. increasing the knowledge, skill levels and capacities of the people of the country.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Correct Answer: (d) Only 4
Solution:Human capital formation refers to the process of developing and improving the skills, knowledge and abilities of individuals. It is the process of acquiring and increasing the number of persons who have the skills, capacities, knowledge and experience which are essential for the economic and political development of a country. Thus, statement 2 is correct.

Intangible wealth of a nation is comprised of the skilled population, human resource base, culture, arts etc. Hence, statement 4 is also correct.

Statement 1 and 3 are incorrect because they are part of gross capital formation (GCF) representing physical capital.

22. Skill development programme enhances : [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]

Correct Answer: (a) Human Capital
Solution:Human capital is the skills, knowledge and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country. Skill development programme enhances human capital. India adds on about 12 million people to its work force every year. By 2030, one third of the world's working age population is going to be from India. There are as many as 711 million people in India in the working age group of 15-59 years, with the majority requiring new or additional skill to keep them relevant and productive in social and economic growth and development. This makes India the youngest and ambitious country in the world with skill and human capital development on top most agenda. For this, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). The objective of this skill certification scheme is to enable a large number of Indian youth to take up industry-relevant skill training that will help them in securing a better livelihood.

23. Which one of the following will not have a direct impact on human capital formation ? [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]

Correct Answer: (d) Irrigation
Solution:Human capital formation indicates the process of acquiring and increasing the number of persons who have the skills, education and experience which are critical for the economic and the political development of the country. Human capital can be developed through creation of skilled, trained and efficient labour force by providing better education, train- ing, health care facilities etc. Irrigation will not have a direct impact on human capital formation.

24. Increasing investment in human capital leads to- [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam.) 2015]

Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
Solution:Increasing investment in human capital will lead to an increase in productivity. The gradual expansion of that is as follows : skill development ⇒ proper use of resources ⇒ increase in productivity, etc.                                Human capital is a term that denotes the monetary value of the knowledge, skills, and competencies of a person.It is from the 7th Five Year Plan onward that we began to focus on Human Development. To quote the Plan document, "Human resources development has necessarily to be assigned a key role in any development strategy, particularly in a country with a large population. Trained and educated on sound lines, a large population can itself become an asset in accelerating economic growth and ensuring a social change in desired directions

25. Which of the following countries has topped in the Human Capital Index, 2020? [B.P.S.C (Pre) 2020]

Correct Answer: (c) Singapore
Solution:The Human Capital Index (HCI) is an international metric that benchmarks the key components of human capital across countries. The HCI was launched by the World Bank in 2018 as part of the Human Capital Project. Its latest 2020 update was launched in September, 2020. In this update, Singapore again ranked first among 174 economies with score of 0.88. In HCl 2020, India has been ranked at the 116th position (it was 115th out of 157 countries in 2018).                                                                                                                              The HCI is a number between 0 and 1 indicating the expected productivity of a child born now after they attain 18 years of age under the present conditions.
The following are the key findings of the HCI Report for India:
  • Human Capital Index: Children born in India now would be 44 per cent productive when they grow up as compared to children of the same age who enjoy complete education and full health.
  • Mortality rates of children under 5 years: 96% of children born in India survive up to the age of 5 years
  • Expected years of Quality-Adjusted Schooling: A child who starts school at age 4 can expect to get 10.2 years of school by their 18th birthday.
  • Harmonized Test Scores: Indian students score 355 out of 625 where 625 is advanced attainment and 300 is minimum attainment.
  • Learning Adjusted Years of School: Factoring in learning outcomes, children in India get effective schooling of 5.8 years on an average.
  • Adult Survival Rate: 83 percent of 15-year-olds are expected to survive beyond 60 years of age in India
  • Healthy Growth: 62 per cent of children under 5 years of age in India have a healthy growth rate.

26. Inclusive growth would necessitate : [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]

Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
Solution:Inclusive growth entails comprehensive growth, shared growth and pro-poor growth. Inclusive growth means the access to resources and facilities to all sections of society. It is such economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all, Inclusive growth infers an impartial allocation of resources with benefits incurred to every section of society. So option (a), (b) and (c), all are correct.

27. Inclusive growth is not expected to increase from which one of the following ? [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013]

Correct Answer: (a) High growth rate of National Income
Solution:Inclusive development is a multi-dimensional concept of development with totality. It improves the availability of better education, health and employment opportunities, with improved infrastructure. Its main dimension is to reduce poverty. Among the given options, only the high growth of national income can not be expected to increase inclusive development.

28. Which of the following can be said to be essentially the parts of Inclusive Governance ? [U.P.S.C (Pre) 2012]

1. Permitting the Non-Banking Financial Companies to do banking.

2. Establishing effective District Planning Committees in all the districts.

3. Increasing the government spending on public health.

4. Strengthening the Mid-day Meal Scheme.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Correct Answer: (c) 2, 3 and 4 only
Solution:Inclusive governance means that all sections of the society should be equally provided with the facilities provided by the government. To establish effective District Planning Committees in all the district, to increase government expenditure on public health and to empower Mid-day Meal Scheme are all parts of inclusive governance. Permitting the Non-Banking Financial Companies to do banking can not be considered as part of inclusive governance.

29. Which of the following can aid in furthering the Government's objective of inclusive growth ? [U.P.S.C (Pre) 2011]

1. Promoting Self-Help Groups.

2. Promoting Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

3. Implementing the Right to Education Act.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Correct Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3
Solution:The inclusive growth refers to the benefits of all the resources being equally distributed to all sections of the society, particularly its purpose is to reduce economic and social inequalities among the various sections of the society by giving special attention to the lower and deprived classes. In order to carry forward the inclusive development goal, where encouraging Self-Help Groups and micro, small and medium enterprises can be directly helpful, at the same time, children of disadvantaged sections will also be able to join the mainstream of the society by implementing the Right to Education Act, and accordingly will nurture inclusive growth

30. A new chapter on sustainable development and climate change was first introduced in the Economic Survey of : [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re - Exam) 2015]

Correct Answer: (b) 2011-12
Solution:For the first time a new chapter on sustainable development and climate change was introduced in the Economic Survey of 2011-12.                          This new chapter in the Economic Survey reflects the growing challenges of sustainable development and climate change. Pressures on land, air, water, forests and loss of plant and animal habitat are growing. At the same time, a warming planet is already causing adverse effects, such as more frequent extreme weather events. The science and evidence of climate change are compelling. Both India and the world are reviewing the challenges ahead. The Earth Summit in Rio in June 2012 will take stock of sustainable development priorities globally. The Durban meeting in December 2011 has set some directions for appropriate responses to climate change. And closer to home, the Twelfth Five Year Plan, commencing in April 2012, is setting out India's priorities for a sustainable and inclusive, lower-carbon development path.
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