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The Governance System

📆 September 26, 2024

Total Questions: 80

1. Which one of the following best defines the term 'State? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2021]

Correct Answer: (a) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government.
Solution:The State is "a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent, or nearly so, of external control, and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience." -Garner The term 'State' is central to the study of Political Science. Following are the elements of a state: (1) People, ie. the community of persons permanently living there. (2) Government (3) Territory: Demarcated boundary that separates one state from the other. (4) Sovereignty: It has an independent say in all domestic and external decision- making.

2. Which one is the most prominent element of a state? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]

Correct Answer: (c) Sovereignty
Solution:The state has four essential elements: Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty. Among all of them, Sovereignty is the most important element. India, before 1947, was not a state because though it had the other three elements, Le.. population, territory and government, the fourth and the most important one, Le., Sovereignty, was missing (because of British control over India).

3. With reference to the Sovereignty of India, which of the following statements is/are correct? [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]

1. India is a member of Commonwealth of Nations.

2. Sovereignty of India is curtailed due to its membership of Commonwealth of Nations.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Correct Answer: (a) 1 only
Solution:The word 'Sovereign' implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation but an independent state. Though in 1947, India declared the continuation of her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the British crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra-Constitutional declaration does not affect India's Sovereignty in any manner.

4. The idea of the Preamble has been borrowed in Indian Constitution from the Constitution of- [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]

Correct Answer: (d) U.S.A.
Solution:The idea of the Preamble was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States. Whereas, the language of the Preamble was borrowed from the constitution of Australia.

5. Constitution of India provides which type of governance system? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1990]

Correct Answer: (c) Parliamentary
Solution:There are mainly two types of system of Governance- Parliamentary and Presidential. India follows the Parliamentary form of government, which is influenced by the Parliamentary system of the United Kingdom. In a Parliamentary system, the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from the Legislature and is also accountable to the Legislature.

6. In a Parliamentary system of Government - [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]

Correct Answer: (d) Legislature controls Executive
Solution:In a Parliamentary System of Government, the Executive is controlled by the Legislature.

7. A Parliamentary System of Government is one in which: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

Correct Answer: (b) the Government is responsible to the Parliament and can be removed by it
Solution:In a Parliamentary System of government, members of the executive branch are taken from the legislature and are also accountable to the Legislature (Parliament). The Parliamentary System of government is also known as the Cabinet form of government. Government is responsible to the legislature's popular house and remains in power till it has the support of the majority of members in that house.

8. The Parliamentary form of Government was first introduced in which country? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2018, M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]

Correct Answer: (a) Great Britain (UK)
Solution:The modern concept of Parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of Great Britain. The notable historian Prof. Pushpesh Pant has also mentioned about the UK being the birth place of the Parliamentary government, in his famous book 'Vishwa ka Itihas'.

9. The Indian Parliamentary System is different from the British Parliamentary System in that India has: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 1998]

Correct Answer: (d) The system of judicial review
Solution:The Constitution of India adopted the process of Judicial Review' from the U.S. Constitution which is not applicable in the British Parliamentary System, while the rest of the options are applicable to both the Parliamentary systems.

10. We adopted parliamentary democracy based on the British model, but how does our model differ from that model? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2021]

1. As regards legislation, the British Parliament is supreme or sovereign but in India, the power of the Parliament to legislate is limited.

2. In India, matters related to the constitutionality of the Amendment of an Act of the Parliament are referred to the Constitution Bench by the Supreme Court.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 only
Solution:The Parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the UK constitution. It makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, which can create or end any law. Generally, the courts cannot overrule its legislation and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

But, India follows constitutional government where the power of Parliament to legislate is limited by the constitution. In the case of India, the concept of Basic Structure has moulded the Judiciary to a certain extent; the Basic Structure Principle has stood as a pillar for the Indian Judiciary. It gives the power to the Judiciary to curb any Action of the Legislature and the Executive branch if it is found to be found contradictory.

The provision for a Constitution bench has been provided in the Constitution of India under Article 143 and Article 145(3), It is the Chief Justice of India who is constitutionally authorized to constitute a constitution bench and refer cases to it. A constitution bench consists of at least five or more judges of the court Who are set up to decide substantial questions of law with regard to the interpretation of the constitution in a case. Statement 2 is also correct.

11. 11. Which one of the following is not the feature of Indian Constitution? [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

Correct Answer: (b) Presidential Government
Solution:The Presidential form of Government is not a feature of the Indian Constitution. Parliamentary Government, Independent Judiciary and Federal Government are the characteristics of the Indian Constitution.

12. Which one of the following is incorrect about the Indian Political System? [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008]

Correct Answer: (d) Presidential System of the Government
Solution:India has a Parliamentary form of Government, not a Presidential form of Government. The President is only the formal head of the Government. In other words, he is a nominal head of the executive branch. The real executive being the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Indian Constitution adopted a form of secular State and federal system.

13. There is parliamentary system of Government in India because the [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2015]

Correct Answer: (d) Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha
Solution:A parliamentary system of Government is a system of democratic government in which the members of the executive are taken from the legislature and are accountable for the same. Therefore, the Executive (Council of Ministers) is responsible to the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

14. The main advantage of the parliamentary form of government is that [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2017]

Correct Answer: (c) the executive remains responsible to the legislature.
Solution:One of the main advantages of the parliamentary form of Government is that the executive remains responsible to the Legislature. This results in the formation of a responsible Government. In such a Government system, the Executive branch derives its legitimacy from the Legislature. Thus, option (c) is the correct answer.

15. In the context of India, which of the following principles is/are implied institutionally in the Parliamentary Government? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2013]

1. Members of the Cabinet are the Members of the Parliament.

2. Ministers hold the office till they enjoy confidence in the Parliament.

3. The Cabinet is headed by the Head of the State.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 and 2
Solution:In Parliamentary System, the Union Council of Ministers exercises executive authority. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lower House of Parliament which is called the House of the People. Any Minister who is not a member of either House of Parliament for six consecutive months shall, at the expiration of that period, cease to be a Ministers according to Art. 75(5). According to Art. 75(3), the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People. Thus Statements 1 and 2 are correct, but statement 3 is incorrect as the Cabinet is headed by the Head of the Government, the Prime Minister. The Head of the State is the President.

16. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding parliamentary form of government? [65th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (e) None of the above/More than one of the above
Solution:Features of the parliamentary form of Government are

1. The Executive is responsible to the legislature.

2. Majority Party rule.

3. Collective Responsibility

4. Nominal and Real Executives

5. Political Homogeneity

6. Double membership

7. Leadership of Prime Minister

8. Dissolution of lower House

9. Secrecy of procedure.

17. Out of the following statements, choose the one that brings out the principle underlying the Cabinet form of Government: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2017]

Correct Answer: (c) A mechanism of parliamentary democracy for ensuring collective responsibility of the Government to the people.
Solution:The Parliamentary system of Government is also known as the cabinet form of government or responsible Government. This type of Government is accountable to the popular House of legislature and remains in power till it has the majority in that House. Thus, the Cabinet form of Government is a mechanism to ensure collective responsibility of the Government to the people.

18. In a Presidential Government, all the executive powers are vested in- [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]

Correct Answer: (a) President
Solution:In a Presidential form of Government, all the executive powers are vested in the President, who serves as both head of the state and head of the Government.

19. The cardinal features of political system in India are- [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008, U.P.P.C.S. (Prv) 2009]

1. It is a democratic republic.

2. It has a Parliamentary form of government.

3. The supreme power vests in People of India.

4. It provides for a unified authority.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Correct Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 3
Solution:The cardinal feature of the political system in India is that it is a democratic republic, where the supreme power is vested in the People of India. India has a Parliamentary form of Government. However, it does not provide for a unified authority but makes a Separation of powers between the Union and the States.

20. Consider the following statements: [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]

1. India is a democratic polity.

2. India is a sovereign state.

3. India has a democratic society.

4. India is a welfare state.

Which of the above statements are true?

Correct Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Solution:According to the Constitution, India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic. The architect of Indian Constitution provided for a welfare State by the provision of Directive Principles of state policy. Thus option (d) is the correct answer.

21. Which one of the following is not a feature of Indian polity? [U.P.P.C.S (Mains) 2011]

Correct Answer: (d) Authoritarian Government
Solution:There is the Rule of Law in India. India has a democratic Government, which is opposite to authoritarian Government. After every five-years, the peoples of India elect their representatives who constitute a Government following the Constitution of India.

22. The Central and State governments get authority from? [M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017, U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]

Correct Answer: (a) Indian Constitution
Solution:Parliamentary Form of Government the constitution of India has opted for the Parliamentary form of Government. It is also known as the Westminster model of government, responsible government, etc. The constitution establishes the Parliamentary system not only at the centre but also in the states. Hence, the Constitution is the source of authority for both central and state governments.

23. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer by using the codes given below: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]

Assertion (A): India is a democratic country.

Reason (R): India has a constitution of its own.

Correct Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct. India is a democratic country in which important decisions of governance are made by the elected representatives of the people. India has a written constitution. However, the United Kingdom, being a democratic country, does not have a written constitution; on the contrary, non-democratic countries do have some form of constitution to maneuver the functioning of the Government.

24. Which of the following is not a feature of good governance? [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]

Correct Answer: (d) Red Tapism
Solution:Red Tapism refers to excessive regulation which hinders or prevents Action or decision-making. Thus, it is not a feature of good governance. On the other hand, accountability, transparency and rule of law are features of good governance.

25. Welfare State' aims to [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2009]

Correct Answer: (b) Management of welfare of weaker sections
Solution:The Welfare State is a concept of Government in which the State plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimum necessities for a good life.

26. "The State is everywhere: it leaves hardly a gap." This statement explains the concept of [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]

Correct Answer: (a) Welfare State
Solution:"The State is everywhere: it leaves hardly a gap". This statement explains the concept of a welfare state

27. Which one of the following is not the Philosophy of the Constitution of India? [U.P. Lower Sub. (Mains) 2015]

Correct Answer: (d) Communist State
Solution:The Philosophy and ideals of the Constitution are reflected in the Preamble of the Constitution, India is a democratic republic committed to providing equality of opportunity and status. The Preamble describes a socialist state as an ideal to be realized by India. To provide for political equality, India has adopted the principle of 'Adult Franchise". Communist state, however is not the philosophy of the Constitution of India.

28. Which one of the following statements is correct? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]

Correct Answer: (d) India is a Parliamentary Democracy
Solution:India is a parliamentary democracy. All other statements are not correct.

29. What is the main source of Political Power in India? [Uttarakhand U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2007]

Correct Answer: (a) The People
Solution:The Indian Constitution starts with the words "We the People of India" so the people are the source of political power in India. India is a democratic republic, i.e. a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives.

30. Which one of the following is a basic feature of the Presidential Government? [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]

Correct Answer: (b) Single Executive
Solution:The basic feature of the Presidential Government is a single Executive. In such a Government, the power is centralized.

31. Which of the following is correct? The main feature of a Presidential form of Government is/are- [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]

Correct Answer: (d) All of the above.
Solution:The main feature of a Presidential form of Government is that the President is the Head of the state and the executive. He also appoints his Council of Ministers, but he cannot dissolve the Legislature. So, option (d) is the correct answer.

32. In which country was the Presidential form of Government first formed? [M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]

Correct Answer: (d) United States of America
Solution:The Presidential form of Government first emerged in America. American Presidency is regarded as the oldest and purest form of Presidential Government. In this type of system, the executive power of the whole Government administration is vested in the President. He is elected indirectly by the people for a fixed period.

33. The Democracy of India is based on the fact that- [39th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1994]

Correct Answer: (c) Public enjoys the rights to choose and change the Government
Solution:The democracy of India is based on the fact that people have the right to elect their representatives, who form the Government. It is a political system where people are supreme and have freedom to choose and change government at the time of election.

34. Democracy's superior virtue lies in the fact that it calls into activity [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2017]

Correct Answer: (a) The intelligence and character of ordinary men and women.
Solution:Democracy requires the participation of the people who are at the helm of the Government, and they have to choose the right person to represent them. Participation develops awareness and enriches them with the information required to make decisions. The onus of the success of democracy is directly related to the quality of decisions made by people. Thus, the virtue of democracy lies in the fact that it builds on the wisdom and character of common people.

35. 'India is a Republic' means- [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997]

Correct Answer: (c) There are no hereditary rulers in India.
Solution:Republic means a state in which supreme power is held by the people, and the Head of the state is elected by the people through election. In the case of India, the Head of the State is elected by indirect election, i.e. through elected representatives. Hence India is a Republic.

36. India is a Republic which implies that [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]

Correct Answer: (a) The head of the State is elected
Solution:Republic means a state in which supreme power is held by the people, and the Head of the state is elected by the people through election. In the case of India, the Head of the State is elected by indirect election, i.e. through elected representatives. Hence India is a Republic.

37. Which one of the following determines that Indian Constitution is Federal? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 1994]

Correct Answer: (d) Distribution of powers between union and states.
Solution:The democratic Governments are classified into two categories Unitary and Federal. In a unitary Constitution, all the powers are concentrated in a Central authority. The States are subordinated to such central authority. In a federal Constitution, there is a distribution of power among the Centre and the States. States are not subordinates of the Centre. In the Indian Constitution, there is a provision for the distribution of powers between the Union and States in the 76 Schedule, so it is called a Federal Constitution.

38. Indian Constitution is - [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]

Correct Answer: (d) Partly rigid and partly flexible
Solution:The Indian Constitution is considered a combination of flexibility and rigidity as it is partially rigid and partially flexible. Some of its provisions can be amended by a simple majority, and some of the provisions need a two-third majority under Article 368 for Amendments. Even after the special (2/3) majority, some of them need ratification by at least 50% of the State Legislatures.

39. Which one of the following points differentiates the Indian Parliamentary system and British Parliamentary System? [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]

Correct Answer: (b) Judicial Review
Solution:In the absence of a written Constitution, the British Parliament is a Sovereign body, while the Indian Parliament is subject to the Constitution of India. Its powers are not absolute in the British sense of the term. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review. It can declare any legislative Action which is inconsistent with the Basic Structure of the Constitution of India as null and void.

40. Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from the code given at the end: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1995]

Assertion(A): The Constitution of India provides for a federal system.

Reason(K): It has created a very strong Centre.

Correct Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution:As per Dr. B.R. Ambedkar "The Constitution can be both Unitary as well as Federal according to the requirements of time and circumstances. In normal times, it is framed to work as a federal system. But in times of war or Emergency, it is so designed as to make it work as though it was a unitary system". Thus both statements (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not a proper explanation of (A).

41. Assertion (A): Federalism is not practical in India. Reason (R) India is not a Federal State. Select the correct answer from the code given below: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1998]

Correct Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
Solution:India is not a complete Federal State because some provisions in the Indian Constitution give it a unitary character. So, the Indian constitution is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. However, a number of Constitutional experts accept it as a federal state as there is a division of powers between the Union and States. K.C. Where describes the Indian Constitution as "Quasi-Federal". This, (A) is true, but (R) is false.

42. Which One of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2021]

Correct Answer: (a) The independence of judiciary is safeguarded.
Solution:Independence of the judiciary is an essential condition of the federal system because it is the judiciary which has the power of interpretation of the constitution.

43. Which of the following is not a federal feature of the Indian Constitution? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam) 2015]

Correct Answer: (c) Single Citizenship
Solution:The Indian Constitution has both Federal and Unitary features Its Federal characteristics include a Written Constitution, rigid Constitution, distribution of powers between States and Centre, Independence of Judiciary and bicameral Legislature, etc. However, it also includes features like single citizenship, the appointment of Governors by the President, declaration of Emergency and the Power of Parliament for agreements implementation which are unitary char Acteristics. Thus, option (c) is not a federal feature among above options

44. Which unitary elements are found in Indian Federal System? [Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre)-2017]

i. Written Constitution

ii. Rigid Constitution

iii. Supremacy of the Constitution

iv. Appointment of Governor

v. Decentralization of Powers

vi. President's approval on state bills

vii. Constitutional Crisis

viii. One Supreme Court

Correct Answer: (d) iv, vi, vii
Solution:The Constitution of India contains all the usual features of a federation, viz, two governments, division of powers, written Constitution, rigidity of the Constitution, independent judiciary and Bi-cameralism. However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large no of unitary features, viz a strung Centre, single Constitution, single Citizenship, flexibility of Constitution, integrated Judiciary, appointment of state Governor by the Centre, all India services, Emergency provision, etc.

45. Which of the following is a unitary element in Indian Federal System? [Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]

(1) Decentralization of Powers

(ii) Appointment of Governors

(iii) Unequal representation in Rajya Sabha

(iv) Judicial Review

(v) All India Services (vi) Bicameral legislature

Correct Answer: (b) ii, iii, v
Solution:Article 1 of the Indian Constitution declares India to be a Union of States. However, the constitution has unitary element in the federal structure. For example provisions for a powerful Centre, single citizenship, the appointment of governors, All India services and unequal representation in the Rajya Sabha are unitary elements.

46. Which of the following statements about the federal system in India are correct? [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]

1. The Constitution introduces a federal system as the basic structure of Government.

2. There is a strong admixture of a unitary bias.

3. Both the Union and State Legislatures are sovereign.

4. The legislative, financial and judicial powers have been divided between the Union and its units.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Correct Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only 
Solution:The Constitution of India introduces a federal system as the basic structure of Government as there is the distribution of Power as given under the seventh schedule of the Constitution and Art. 245-255 which is related to the distribution of Legislative powers. However, features like single Citizenship, Appointment of Governors by Presidents, Power of the Parliament to legislate on any matter of state list in a time of Emergency (Article 250), Power of Parliament to legislate on a matter of state in the national interest (Art 249) shows a strong Unitary System. Statement 1 and 2 are correct and 3 and 4 are wrong because the state legislature does not have power in reference to Foreign and Defence matters. This power comes under the Union Parliament. So, only Union is sovereign not the States. There is only hierarchy in the Judicial system not the division of judicial power between the Union and the state. So option 4 is also wrong.

47. Which one of the following characteristics is not true for unitary form of Government? [65th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (c) Ideal for large countries
Solution:Char Acteristics of a unitary form of Government are a Strong Centre, Single Constitution, Flexibility of the Constitution, Emergency provisions, Single Citizenship, Integrated judiciary, All-India Services, Integrated Audit Machinery, Parliament's Authority over state list, Appointment of Governor, Integrated Election machinery, Veto over State Bills. It cannot be Out rightly said that it is ideal for large countries; it only depends on countries will. So, the answer to this question will be (c).

48. Assertion (A): President of India is elected indirectly. Reason (R): Parliamentary system in India has been combined with Republicanism. [R.A.S/R.T.S. (Pre) 2013]

Correct Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:The President of India is elected by indirect election. The Parliamentary system in India has been combined with republicanism, as the Head of the State is the President. As in a Republic, there is no hereditary ruler, and all the representatives and other authorities are elected by direct or indirect, election by the people of India. Thus, both statements are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

49. Here are two statements: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]

Assertion (A): Political Parties are life-blood of democracy.

Reason (R) Normally people blame political parties for bad governance. Which of the following is correct in above context-

Correct Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:In a democratic system, political parties play an important role in the formation of government. They bring people together to achieve control of the Government and develop policies favorably and in the interests of the people. So it is said that political parties are the life-blood of democracy, It is also true that people usually blame political parties for bad governance. Thus, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

50. Who had proposed "Party Less Democracy" In India? [M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (c) Mahatma Gandhi
Solution:Both Mahatma Gandhi and Jay Prakash Narayan supported party-less democracy in India.

51. Assertion (A): The primary objective of India's federal design was to weave a nation out of its many diverse parts and protect national integration. Reason (R): Accommodation of diversities has built a stronger, not weaker, Indian nationhood. [R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 2013]

Correct Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) are individually true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:Here, Assertion and Reason both are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) Under Article 1, India is a Union of States which include 28 states and 8 Union Territories There is a division of Power between the Union and the States where more powers are given to the Union. Indian Federal design aims to weave a nation out of its many diverse parts and protect national integration. Therefore, the accommodation of diversities has resulted in a strong nationhood, not a weaker one.

52. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]

Assertion (A): The nature of Indian Political System embodies the elements of 'continuity and change'.

Reason (R): The Indian Political System contains the elements of the following political system such as the modern style, the traditional style and saint style.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below.

Correct Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:Like the Indian Political system, from the Mauryan period to the modern era, its specific elements still exist in tangible form. Although the continuous and changing Indian Political system from various ages and periods contained elements of modern style, traditional style and saint style. Thus, both statements (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

53. Assertion (A): Women, Dalits, Poor and Minority groups are the biggest stakeholders of Democracy in India. Reason (R): Democracy in India has emerged as the carrier for the desire of Self Respect. [R.A.S/R.T.S. (Pre) 2013]

Correct Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:Democracy protects individual rights and increases the self- respect and dignity of women, poor, Dalits and minority groups. So, they are the biggest stakeholders of democracy in India. Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) explains (A) correctly.

54. The reason for the Indian Constitution being the bulkiest is that: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997]

Correct Answer: (*)
Solution:The Indian Constitution is the longest-written Constitution in the world. There is no single reason for the bulkiest of the constitution in the given option. The nature of the constitution has become larger due to all the above reasons. So, there is not even a single valid reason among all the choices, but all are true.

55. Which of the following statements is true? [38th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1992]

Correct Answer: (a) The Federal form of Government is in United States of America.
Solution:The government system of America is federal. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 States however India is a Union of 28 States and 8 Union Territories. Article 1 of Indian Constitution declares it as the Union of States. A federal government is one in which there is a division of powers between the central government and state governments by the constitution itself, and both operate in their respective jurisdictions independently. Some Constitutional experts called the Indian Constitution having unitary nature because at the time of emergency it provides a strong Centre, but the reality is that Indian Constitution is of federal nature, having some unitary features.

56. Which one of the following is not a feature of Indian federalism? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2017]

Correct Answer: (d) It is the result of an agreement among the federating units.
Solution:A written Constitution, distribution of powers, supremacy of the constitution, Independence of Judiciary, unequal representation of states in the Rajya Sabha and Dual Governments are all features of Indian federalism. However, Indian federalism is not a result of any agreement among the federating units. While using the word 'Union', Dr. Ambedkar mentioned in the Constituent Assembly that it shows that (a) the Indian federation is not the result of an agreement by the units, and (b) the component units have no freedom to secede from it. Thus option (d) is not a feature of Indian federalism.

57. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as: Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]

Assertion (A): Indian federalism is called 'Quasi- federal'.

Reason (R): India has an independent judiciary with power of Judicial Review.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below.

Correct Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:The Constitution of India has been described in various ways. K.C. Wheare describes it as Quasi-federal. It means that government generally belongs to the Federal System, but the Constitution enables the Federation to be converted into a unitary state. Generally, it happens during an emergency. Independent Judiciary empowered by Judicial Review is a crucial feature of our Constitution. The Constitution of India explicitly establishes the doctrine of Judicial Review in the following Articles: 13, 32, 136, 137, 226 and 227. Thus, both statements (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

58. Assertion (A): Indian Constitution is quasi-federal. Reason (R): Indian Constitution is neither federal nor unitary. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007 ]

Correct Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Solution:The framers of the Constitution adopted the federal system for two main reasons: the large size of the country and its socio-cultural diversity. There is no unanimous view among the Constitutional experts regarding the nature of the Constitution. Granville Austin describes Indian Federalism as Cooperative Federalism, while K.C. Where describes it as Quasi-Federal. In the words of D.D. Basu, the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor unitary, but it is a combination of both. Thus option (a) is the correct answer.

59. What is the nature of the Indian Constitution? [63rd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2017]

Correct Answer: (d) Federal in nature but unitary in spirit
Solution:The framers of the Constitution adopted the federal system for two main reasons: the large size of the country and its socio-cultural diversity. There is no unanimous view among the Constitutional experts regarding the nature of the Constitution. Granville Austin describes Indian Federalism as Cooperative Federalism, while K.C. Where describes it as Quasi-Federal. In the words of D.D. Basu, the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor unitary, but it is a combination of both. Thus option (a) is the correct answer.

60. Who called Indian Federalism as the Cooperative Federalism. [Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]

Correct Answer: (a) G. Austin
Solution:The framers of the Constitution adopted the federal system for two main reasons: the large size of the country and its socio-cultural diversity. There is no unanimous view among the Constitutional experts regarding the nature of the Constitution. Granville Austin describes Indian Federalism as Cooperative Federalism, while K.C. Where describes it as Quasi-Federal. In the words of D.D. Basu, the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor unitary, but it is a combination of both. Thus option (a) is the correct answer.

61. Who said: "India is a quasi-federal state"? [U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2016, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (d) K.C. Wheare
Solution:The framers of the Constitution adopted the federal system for two main reasons: the large size of the country and its socio-cultural diversity. There is no unanimous view among the Constitutional experts regarding the nature of the Constitution. Granville Austin describes Indian Federalism as Cooperative Federalism, while K.C. Where describes it as Quasi-Federal. In the words of D.D. Basu, the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor unitary, but it is a combination of both. Thus option (a) is the correct answer.

62. In relation to Indian Constitution who said that "Indian Constitution establishes good balance between Rigidity and Flexibility." [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005]

Correct Answer: (d) K.C. Wheare
Solution:K.C. Wheare was of the opinion that the Indian Constitution is a Quasi-Federal Constitution. He said that Indian Constitution establishes a good balance between rigidity and flexibility because there exists variety in the amending process. Some provisions of the constitution can be amended only by a simple majority and some by a special majority. Therefore, it can be termed as a good balance between rigidity and flexibility.

63. Who of the following has stated that "The Constitution has not been set in a tight mould of Federalism'? [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008]

Correct Answer: (c) B.R. Ambedkar
Solution:Dr. B.R. Ambedkar accepted that the Indian Constitution had not been set in the tight mould of federalism, and it contains both federal and unitary char Acteristics.

64. Who rejected the 'Principles of Administration as myths and proverbs"? [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]

Correct Answer: (a) Herbert Simon
Solution:Herbert A Simon rejected the 'principle of administration as myths and proverbs while Dwight Waldo, Frank Marini and F.W. Riggs accepted administration as myths and proverbs.

65. Which one of the following reflects the most appropriate relationship between law and liberty? [U.P.S.C. (Pre.) 2018]

Correct Answer: (b) If there are no laws, there is no liberty.
Solution:The two are not at odds with one another rather, they complement one another. The liberty only comes as a result of established laws. When there are no laws to protect or provide freedom and liberty, violations of the same take place. Hence option (b) becomes the right answer.

66. Who among the following is concerned with the concept of Development Administration? [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]

Correct Answer: (a) Fred W. Riggs
Solution:Development administration is a dynamic concept that brings about socio-economic and political economic changes in society. Fred W. Riggs gave concept of development administration. Riggs defined it to be the organized efforts to be used by large-scale organizations, notably governments, to implement policies and plans designed to meet their development objectives.

67. Which one of the following thinkers favours similarities in Public Administration and Private Administration? [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]

Correct Answer: (d) Henri Fayol
Solution:Henri Fayol is known as the father of modern management theory. He gave the famous 14 principles of management and said these are universal in nature. So, through these universal principles, Fayol tried to establish similarities in public administration and private administrations.

68. "If our Civilization fails it will be mainly because of a breakdown of administration". This statement has been given by- [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]

Correct Answer: (c) B. Donham
Solution:B. Donham says that, "If our civilization fails, it will be mainly because of a breakdown of administration."

69. Which one of the following is not true in relation to democratic determination. [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2010]

Correct Answer: (c) Supreme power is vested in a person (solely) likewise a king.
Solution:Option (c) does not represent the democratic nature of the Constitution. Rest of the options are correct regarding democracy.

70. Which of the following are regarded as the main features of the "Rule of Law"? [U.P.S.C. (Pre.) 2018]

1. Limitation of powers

2. Equality before law

3. People's responsibility to the government

4. Liberty and civil rights

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Correct Answer: (c) 1, 2, and 4 only
Solution:The Rule of law was propounded by A.V. Dicey, a British Jurist. His concept has the following three elements: (a) Limitation of powers i.e. absence of arbitrary power. No man can be punished except for a breach of law. (b) Equality before law Le. equal subjection of all citizens to the ordinary law of the land, administered by ordinary law courts. (c) Liberty and civil rights ie. the Primacy of the rights of the individuals. The Constitution is the result of the rights of the individual as defined and enforced by the courts. Hence, option (c) becomes the most appropriate answer.

71. Which one of the following statements best reflects the Chief purpose of the 'Constitution' of a country? [U.P.S.C. (Pre.) 2023]

Correct Answer: (c) It defines and limits the powers of government.
Solution:A nation's Constitution serves primarily to establish the structure and nature of the government, thereby providing a foundation for it. A state's constitution, which is its foundational law, also establishes the roles and duties of the three branches of government: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. However, its chief purpose is to define and limit the power of government. In fact, the Constitutional government is, by definition, a limited government.

72. Consider the following statements: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2014]

A Constitutional Government is one which

1. Places effective restrictions on individual liberty in the interest of the state Authority.

2. Places effective restrictions on the Authority of the State in the interest of individual liberty.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: (b) 2 only
Solution:Constitution is the source of power of a Constitutional Government. The Constitution imposes certain limitations upon the Government in the interest of the People. Constitutionalism has evolved to protect public interest and liberty from the Autocratic power of Government. The institutional mechanism remains present in Constitutional Governments to protect citizen's liberties.

73. A constitutional government by definition is a: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

Correct Answer: (d) limited government
Solution:The Constitution is the Source of Power of a constitutional government. Constitution imposes certain limitations upon the government in the interest of the People. Hence, a constitutional government, by definition is a limited government. So the correct answer is an option (d).

74. Constitutional government means [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2021]

Correct Answer: (d) a government limited by the terms of the Constitution.
Solution:Constitutional government or Constitutionalism, means that a government's authority is determined by a body of laws or constitution. Although constitutionalism is sometimes regarded as a synonym for limited government, that is only one interpretation and by no means the most prominent one Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

75. In the context of polity, which one of the following would you accept as the most appropriate definition of liberty? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (d) Opportunity to develop oneself fully.
Solution:Option (a) and (b) give a negative perception of liberty. Option (c) is related to anarchy and lawlessness. Option (d) provides a positive conception of liberty as provided in our constitution. The term liberty means the absence of restraints on the Activities of individuals, and at the same time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities. Liberty that our constitution provides for the provision of reservation protection of minority rights, prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, etc., provide for creating an enabling atmosphere where individuals can develop themselves fully. So, the correct option is (d).

76. One of the implications of equality in society is the absence of [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2017]

Correct Answer: (a) Privileges
Solution:The Principle of equality is largely confined to the test of eradicating special privileges. This is evident in the fact that the calls for formal equality were first made in the hope of breaking down the hierarchy of ranks and orders that had survived from feudal times. Privileges granted to one class of persons on the grounds of gender, colour, creed or religion are widely regarded as irrational prejudices which fall contrary to the principle of equality.

77. Of the following political features, which is/are common to India and the USA. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]

1. Residuary powers vested in the Centre.

2. Residuary powers vested in the states.

3. President has the power of pocket veto.

4. The upper house has some nominated members.

Correct Answer: (a) 3 only
Solution:Pocket Veto is an indirect veto of a legislative Bill by an Executive through retention of the Bill unsigned until adjournment of the legislature. The President of India and the American President both possess pocket veto. The American President is bound to return the Bill within 10 days if he refuses his assent, whereas there is no such time limit in the Indian Constitution for the President of India. The residuary the powers are vested in the Centre in India and in the States in USA. All the members are directly elected to the upper House of the USA while in the upper house of the Indian Parliament 12 members are nominated by the President. Thus, option (a) is the correct answer.

78. In which report of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission barriers of Good Governance in India have been identified? [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016 ]

Correct Answer: (b) 'Citizen-Centric Administration': The Heart of Governance'.
Solution:In Report 12 (Citizen-Centric Administration The Heart of Governance) of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission, barriers of good governance in India have been identified. It also describes the pre-conditions for good governance.

79. Which of the following institutes are considered. necessary to promote 'Unity among diversity' in the Indian Federalism? [Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]

Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
Solution:Inter-State councils & National Development Council, Finance Commission & Regional Council and Unitary Judicial System & All India Services all these institutes are necessary to promote 'unity among diversity' in the Indian Federalism. These institutes give shape to the Indian federalism. Inter-State council, formed under Article 263 of the constitution aims at discussing or investigating policies, subjects of common interest and disputes among states. The National Development Council is the apex body for decision-making and deliberations on development matters in India. It is presided over by the Prime Minister. The Finance Commission, established under Article 280 of the constitution, was formed to define the financial relations between the central Government of India and the individual state Government. India has adopted a Unitary Judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top. Article 312 of the Constitution of India provides for the constitution of All India Services

80. In which of the following decades the Parliamentary System in India shifted from Centralism to Federalism? [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008]

Correct Answer: (b) 1970's
Solution:The Parliamentary System in India shifted from Centralism to Federalism during the decade of 1970's (1971-80), when the Congress Party lost power in many Indian States.
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