UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Dec. 2020/June-2021 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II) (SHIFT-II)

Lenin said imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism. Vladimir Lenin, the Russian Revolutionary politician and the founder of Russian communist party said this. Requiring monopolies to exploit labour and natural resources and the exportation of finance capital, rather than manufactured goods, to sustain colonialism, which is an integral function of Imperialism.

• Gaia is the ancestral mother of all life in Greek Mythology. It was developed principally by British chemist James E. Lovelock and American biologist Lynn Margulis in early 1970s.

• The Gaia hopothysis argues that living species interact with their inorganic surroundings and Earth to generate a Synergistic and self-regulating complex system that serves to preserve and perpetuate the circumstances for life on the planet.

William Kymlicka is a Canadian political philosopher best known for his contributions to multiculturalism. In his study. Liberalism, community, and culture address questions of citizenship and multiculturalism by responding to communitarian's concerns about cultural membership.

H.J. Laski is a positive liberalist. Positive liberals believe that the state should have three main objects:-

• The state should ensure the well-being of individuals.
• It should bring about the well-being of the state in their associated capacity.
• It should promote the civilization of making.
Major thinkers of positive liberalism are T.H. Green, L.T. Hob house and R.H. Tawney

John Locke has given the concept of Fiduciary Trust. Locke postulates its known social contract theory. He regarded humans as ration actors rather than driven by passion. Trust is as important to Locke's social contract theory as absolute power is to Hobbes.

Historicism is the belief that all knowledge and cognition are conditioned by history. Karl Popper defined historicism as an approach to the social sciences that assumes that historical prediction is their primary goal. Karl popper in his work the open society and its Enemies criticised Hegel, Plato and Marx as enemies of the open society.

Rousseau was a French philosopher and citizen of the Republic of Geneva. In his book, Emile argued, "Everything is good when it springs from the hands of our creator, everything denigrated when springs the hands of man."

Other works ⇒
• The Social Contract
• The new Heloise
• Emile, or, on Education
• Confessions

Mao types of communism known as Maoism encompasses his theories, military operations, and political programs. Mao Zedong says that "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun" during the Chinese Communist party emergency meeting. It means that the principle of the party Commands the gun but the gun must never be allowed to command the party.

bhinav Bharat was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in the year 1904, as a secret organization during the Indian war of Independence.

Swami Vivekananda believed that the problems of India could only be solved by expanding the social basis of nationalism. For him, true national progress required the involvement and upliftment of all segments of society.