UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Dec. 2021/June-2022 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II) (SHIFT-I)

The theme of the World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting 2019, held in Davos was Globalization 2.0 began after World War-II and ended around 1990. These two are called old globalization. Old globalization was especially beneficial to today's rich nations. The G7 saw rapid growth of their exports, income, and industry compared to today's poor nations during old globalization. This led to what Kenneth Pomeranz, a historian, calls the Great Divergence.

Globalization 3.0 was termed as new globalization. This 'new globalization' or Globalization 3.0 had dramatically different effects on world income (GDP) shares. In just 20 years, the G7 share of world GDP plummeted to 50%, and its share of trade to 32%. This trend, which might be called the 'Great Convergence' is surely the dominant economic fact of the last 20 or 30 years.

What happened to the landscape of global manufacturing? The G7 nations lost share gradually between 1970 and 1990 followed by an accelerated decline from 1990. To where did manufacturing go? Just six developing nationswhich we might call the 'Rapidly Industralizaing 6 or I-6 for short-accounted for almost all of it. The 1-6 are China, Korea, India, Poland, Indonesia, and Thailand. It grained almost 16 percentage points of world manufacturing in just 20 years. Globalization 4.0 is driven by cutting edge new technology like AI, Cloud computing etc.

These technologies shrink distance, open up borders and minds and bring people all across the globe closer together. These technologies are changing the nature of work where no physical presence of workers will be required. Such workers are termed as telemigrant-persons who live in another developing country while working for a company located in a developed country.

The germ Great Divergence is related to

(A) Globalization 1.0
(B) Globalization 2.0
(C) Globalization 3.0
(D) Globalization 4.0

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Statement I: Globalization 2.0 began after World War-I and ended around 1990
Statement II: Globalization 2.0 saw the establishment of UN-IMF and World bank

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the views of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.

Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized.

This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.

Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that is provided in easily understandable forms and media.

Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable time-frame. There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development.

This can only result from and understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or-community. A society' well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being. Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Identity the major characterustes of Good Governance

(A) Inclusiveness
(B) Transparent and responsive
(C) Elite-Centric
(D) Concentrates on present needs of the society only

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Assertion (A): Participation needs to be informed and organised
Reasoning (R): Representative democracy does not mean that the most vulnerable in the society will be part of decision making. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Fair legal frameworks
(b) Impartiality
(c) Protection of Minorities
(d) Centralised judiciary system

Choose the correct answer from the options given below: