UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Dec.-2022 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE Shift (II)

Barani divided the method into two forms. First Shariat and second Zawabil.
Sharial is based on the teaching and conduct of the prophet. While Jawabit is a method created by Sultan which are not mentioned in Shariat. But Barani has also said that while preparing the Jawabit it is necessary to keep the following points in mind, this should not be against shariat and this increased the loyalty of the sultan among people.

It's motive is welfare of citizens. Robert Nozick has given his view on the state in his book "Anarchy, State and utopia.
According to him the main function of the state is to protect the property of individuals. Robert Nozick opposed the welfare state system. His concept is the minimal state therefore the power of state is only that in protecting the right of individuals.

The state government can ask The UPSC to conduct the examination for concerned state. The president can remove the chairman or any other member of UPSC under some specific circumstances. If removal is on ground of Misbehavior then president has to refer the matter to Supreme Court for an enquiry.
UPSC assists the state in framing and operatingschemes of Joint recruitment for any service for which candidates possessing special qualification are requiredUPSC serves all or any need of a state on the request ofthe governor and with the approval of president.

To provide opportunities for education by the parents to their child.
The Fundamental duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired by constitution of USSR. For this purpose, in 1976 congress government setup Sardar Swarn Singh Committee. The Congress government accepted this Committee recommendation and enacted 42nd CAA |1976. This added a new part in Constitution Part IVA and new article 51A, ten fundamental duties of citizens. later in 2002 by 86th CAA one other fundamental was added by NDA government.

Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Sikhs, Zoroastrians and Jains.
The Union government set up the national Commission for minorities under the NCM act 1992. Initially five communities, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians were notified as minority community.
On 27th January 2014 Union government notified Jains another minority community. So, now there are six religious minority community.

P. N. Bhagwali
The Concept of PIL organized in USA around 19608. In India it was introduced in the early 1980. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer and Justice P.N. Bhagwati were the pioneers of the concept of PIL.