UGC NET/JRF EXAM, December-2023 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

Total Questions: 100

11. Find out the different waves of democratic transition given below in ascending order:

A. First reverse wave
B. First waves of democratization
C. Second wave of democratization
D. Second reverse wave
E. Third wave of democratization

Correct Answer: (b) B, A,C, D, E
Solution:

Waves of democracy or waves of democratization are major surges of democracy that have occurred in history. It was popularized by "Samuel P Huntington" a political scientist at Harvard University in his article published in Journal of Democracy, and further expounded in his 1991 book "The third wave: Democratization in the Twentieth Century". Although the term appears at least early as 1887.

First wave of Democracy: (B). This began in the early 19th century when suffrage was granted to the majority of white males in the United States followed by France. Britain, Canada and a few others before 1900.

First reverse wave: (A). This reverse began in 1922 when Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy.

Second wave of democratization: (C). This wave occurred after WWII. In this period thirteen out of twenty-one countries in Latin America underwent democratic transitions. This wave come during (1945-66).

Second reverse wave: (D). This wave occurred after second wave of democratization. Second reverse wave of democracy came during cold-war time after 1960.

Third wave of Democratization: (E). This wave began in the mid-1970s in Southern Europe followed by Latin America and Asia. Conclusion: Correct option is (b) B>A>C> D> E.

12. In his book Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic Society, Riggs mentioned the following points:

A. The structures of a modern society are typically functionally specific.
B. A structure is defined as any pattern of behaviour, which has become a standard feature of a social system.
C. Industrial will move toward Agrarian through the process of transition in the society.
D. Although the "image" of Agrarian resembles the 'model' of a fused society, the two constructions are by no means identical.

Correct Answer: (a) A, B & D only
Solution:

The Theory of Prismatic Society is a model used to explain administrative issues in developing countries -

• It was developed by Fred W. Riggs (An American Political Scientist).
• Riggs has mentioned the following points in his book "Administration in Developing Countries: the theory of Prismatic Society":

(i) The structures of modern society are usually designed for specific functions.
(ii) A structure is any behavior pattern that becomes a regular part of a social system.
(iii) Agraria will move towards Industria through the process of transition in society.
(iv) Image of agrarian society is similar to the model of a fused society, they are not exactly the same.

13. Arrange the following Director Generals of WTO who held office in ascending order:

A. Mike Moore
B. Pascal Lamy
C. Supachai Panitchpakdi
D. Robert Azvedo

Correct Answer: (a) A, C, B, D
Solution:

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was an International treaty that was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.

• The Marrakesh Agreement, signed in Marrakesh, Morocco on April 15, 1994 established the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• India was a founding member of GATT in 1947.
• Order of Director Generals of WTO who held office:

(i) Mike Moore (1999–2002)
(ii) Supachai Panitchpakdi (2002-2005)
(iii) Pascal Lamy (2005-2013)
(iv) Robert Azevedo (2013–2020)

Ngozi Okonjo-Twealo is the current Director General of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Okonjo-lweala is the first woman and the first african to hold the position of WTO Director-general. She was reappointed for a second four year term on 29 November 2024 and her new term will begin on 1 September 2025.

14. Who said the statesmen "think and act in terms of interest defined as power"?

Correct Answer: (a) Morgenthau
Solution:

Hans Joachim Margenthau was a GermanAmerican jurist and Political Scientist who was one of the Major 20th century figures in the study of International Relations.

Morgenthau says the statesmen "thinks in terms of interest defined as power, as the economist thinks in terms of interest defined as wealth, the lawyer of the conformity of action with legal rules, the moralist of the conformity of action with moral principles"

15. Which of the following observations are correct about deliberative democracy?

A. Deliberative democracy describes a normative ideal in which free and equal citizens publicly exchange reasons with one another.
B. They do with a view to reaching a consensus about some issue or policy or about the principles underlying the system as a whole.
C. The central claim is that a political decision or system is legitimate even if it cannot command free and reasoned agreement among equals.
D. Clearly this is a practical conception, which contemporary political life-with partisan rivalries and massy compromises often conforms to.
E. Underlying the deliberative ideal is a powerful moral intuition about the nature or truly democratic association.

Correct Answer: (a) A, B and E only
Solution:

Deliberative democracy is a form of Democracy in which deliberation is central to decision making. It seeks quality over quantity by limiting decision makers to a smaller but more representative sample of the population that is given the time and resources to focus on one issue.

(A) Deliberative democracy is a political theory that values citizens freely and equally discussing together. It emphasizes the importance of public exchange of reasons among citizens.

(B) The goal of deliberative democracy is to reach a consensus about issues or policies through fair and reasonable discussion and debate among citizens.

(C) Deliberative democracy claims that political decisions should be result of fair and reasonable discussions among citizens.

(D) Deliberative democracy is not a principle that in the present time, political individuals follow with party rivalry and wrongful compromises.

(E) In Deliberative democracy, there is a undersigning understanding that the democratic system should function with a focus on morality and the interests of all.

16. Which of the following statements is not associated with Mahatma Gandhi?

A. 'Non-Violence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute'
B. 'A nation that is capable of limitless sacrifices is capable of rising to limitless height'.
C. The injuction 'love your enemies' is not only the noblest idealism, it is also the most practicle politice.
D. 'To be same in a world of mad men is itself a form of madness'
E. 'My nationalism is intense internationalism'

Correct Answer: (*)
Solution:

(A) Mahatma Gandhi believes that non-violence is the law of our species because violence is the law of animals.
(B) Mahatma Gandhi used to say that the more a country is capable of making sacrifices, the higher it can reach.
(C) Command "Love your enemy" is not only greatest idealism but also the most practical politics.
(D) "To be same in a world of mad men is itself a form of madness" is a quote by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
(E) Mahatma Gandhi used to say that my nationalism is deep internationalism.

This question is dropped by NTA.

17. B.R. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for the depressed classes in which of the following events?

Correct Answer: (b) Second round table conference
Solution:

The Round Table Conferences were a series of conferences held in London between 1930 and 1932, aimed at discussing constitutional reforms in British India and the future of Indian Governance.

• Second Round Table Conference (1931) It was held in London from 7th September - 1st December 1931. Mahatma Gandhi attended this conference as a sole representative of Indian National Congress.
• B.R. Ambedkar demand a separate electorate for the depressed classes in second round table conference.

18. Arstotle criticized popular rule on the ground the masses would resent the wealth of the few, and too easily, fall under the sway of the following:

Correct Answer: (c) The demagogue
Solution:

Aristotle criticized popular rule on the grounds that the masses would resent the wealth of the few, and 100 easily fall under the sway of Demagogue. Aristotle advocated a "mixed constitution" that combined elements of both Democracy and Aristocracy, and left to Government in hands of the "Middle class" who were neither rich nor poor.

19. Which of the following is not, according to Bhikhu Parekh, a question usually ignored by Indian political thought?

Correct Answer: (d) Political Economy
Solution:

According to Bhikhu Parekh, questions usually ignored by Indian Political Thinkers are Modern Individual Thinkers, the Nature of Indian State, land Social Justice.

According to Bhikhu Parekh in his Article "The Poverty of Indian Political Theory", to understand Indian Political Thought:
(i) One should study the works of Indian Writers and Philosophers.
(ii) A good Political Theory should not favor any one culture but should be relevant to all cultures.

Parekh argues that while India has a rich tradition of political thought, much of is has not been systematically developed into a coherent political theory comparable to western frameworks.

According to Bhikhu Parekh Indian Political thinkers paid less attention to political Institutions, Constitutional framework and practical aspects of power.

20. Who introduced to organizations the concepts of the 40- hour week, time and motion studies and piece compensation systems, as well as a 'fair day's work for a fair day's pay"?

Correct Answer: (b) Frederick Taylor
Solution:

Frederick W. Taylor often referred to as the the "Father Scientific Management" introduced "40 hours week, time and motion studies and piece rate compensation systems, as well as a fairy day's work for a fairy day's pay" to improve efficiency in late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Taylor suggested to analyze tasks by breaking them into small steps, timing each step with a stopwatch and finding the fastest way to complete them. Taylor suggested to set the consistent work hours for better balance and productivity.