UGC NET/JRF EXAM, December-2023 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

Robert Nozick is an American political thinker who has been a colleague of John Rawls, whose thinking is known as "Voluntarism".

Principle of Nozick's "Entitlement Theory".

(i) Principle of transfer: Under this theorу, Nozick talks about the processes through which the ownership of a property (which is obtained by fair means) can be changed.
(ii) Just principle of property acquisition: In this theory Nozick talks about a fair process of property acquisition through which those properties can be acquired which are not privately owned by anyone and can be transferred to someone.
(iii) Principle of rectification of injustice.

In this theory Nozick talks about such situations in which the transfer of property has not been done by a method accept by society. Nozick says that such transfers whether they have happened in the past or in the present should be rectified.

"Balance of Power" by Ernast B. Haas is an influential work in the field of International Relations theory. Haas was a prominent scholar in field of political science. He made significant contributions to the understanding of power dynamics in global politics.

B. Haas has given the following eight different meanings of word "Balance of power".

(i) It refers to the way military, economic and political power is distributed among various states.

(ii) The balance arising from unequal distribution of|| power among countries.
(iii) Equilibrium resulting from dominance of one state which acts as a balancer.
(iv) A system providing relative stability and peace.
(v) It serves as a mechanism that maintains stability in international system.
(vi) A universal law of history.
(vii) A guide for foreign policy makers.
(viii) A way of describing power politics.

India signed the declaration "To promote the building of a harmonious world of durable peace and common prosperity through developing the strategic and cooperative partnership for peace and prosperity" with China in 2008.

On January 14, 2008, during their meeting in Beijing. Dr. Manmohan Singh (13th Prime Minister of India), and Mr. Wen Jiabao (The Prime Minister of the State council of the People's Republic of China) expressed their resolve to develop a strategic and cooperative partnership between the two countries to promote peace and prosperity.

In Indian Constitution, office of the Governor is established as a key part of the executive branch of the government at state level. Article 153 of Indian Constitution provides for the appointment of a Governor for each state. Governor is a nominee of central government appointed by President.

Qualifications for the Governor are as follows.
(i) He/She should be citizen of India. (Article 157)
(ii) Has completed age of 35 years. (Article 157)
(iii) The Governor shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any state specified in the first schedule. (Article 158(1))
(iv) The Governor shall not hold any other office of profit. (Article 158(2))

Appointment of Governor:
(i) Governor shall be appointed by the President by a warrant under his hand and seal. (Article 155).
(ii) Governor shall hold office for a term of five years from date of assuming office. (Article 156 (3)).

"The study of Administration" (1887) is an article published by American Politician, academic and university administrator Woodrow Wilson promoting the study of public Administration in Political science. This article is considered a foundational work in Public Administration.

He highlights the need to separate politics from administration where politics determines the policies and administration implements them effectively. In this essay he advocates for professional and non-partisan public service free from political influence.

(ii) Santhanam Committee : It was an anti-corruption committee formed by the Government of India in the year 1962. This committee was formed to investigate corruption in government departments and make suggestions for it. The Chairman of this committee was Kasturirangan Santhanam.

(iii) First Administrative Reforms Commission: First ARC as Commission of inquiry was set up by the Ministry of Home affairs, GOI on 5th January 1966. It was intially chaired by Morarji Desai and lateron by Hanumanthaiya.

(iv) Vohra Committee : Vohra report was submitted by the former Indian Home Secretary N.N. Vohra in October 1993. It studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India.

(i) Scientific management theory, It focuses on improving efficiency and productivity in the workplace. It emphasizes the use of scientific methods to analyze work processes bind the most efficient way to perform tasks and train workers accordingly. This will be equally beneficial for both workers and managers.

(ii) New Public Management (NPM) : It is a management approach focusing on making public sector organizations more efficient and effective. It focuses on public sector management that is performance oriented not policy-oriented.

(iii) Human relations theory: Elton Mayo's Human relations theory emphasizes the importance of social factors in workplace, particularly the relationships between employees and their environment.

(iv) Rational Decision Making Theory :

It is a model that suggests decisions should be based on systematic analysis and objective criteria. Key points rational decision making theory. Setting objectives, Intelligence activity, Implementation and design activity.

Statements explaining Bhikhu Parekh's conception of human nature :

(i) This perspective on human nature suggests that instead of blindly accepting any idea, belief or behavior, it is essential to critically and rationally examine them.

(ii) Every human being is rooted in his culture, in the sense that he grows up and lives in a world that is culturally shaped. He organizes his life and social relations according to the understanding he gets from his culture about what is meaningful and what is meaningless, what is important and what is unimportant.

(iii) Skin color, gender, height and other physical features are common to all humans, but different societies understand and interpret them in different ways. The meaning and importance of these features very based on cultural beliefs, traditions and social values.

Gandhi's theory of Satyagraha is grounded in his principle of non-violence. It can indeed be a powerful tool in fostering dialogue in plural societies characterized by mutual distrust.

• Aspects of Gandhi's theory of "Satyagraha" which can help in process of dialogue in plural societies threatened by mutual distrust:

(i) Paying attention to the terms of communication helps in shaping the right mindset of the participants.

(ii) Understanding the truth promotes our selfcontrol, which helps in the communication process.

(ii) Commitment to non-violence removes feelings of separation and difference. It promotes respect for all individuals, irrespective of their background or beliefs.

(i) Anandpur Sahib Resolution : The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was a statement with a list of demands made by a Punjabi Sikh Political party, the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) in 1973.

(ii) Shillong Agreement : The Shillong Accord was an agreement signed November in 1975, between GOI and Naga underground movement. The accord aimed to end the long-standing insurgency in Nagaland.

(iii) Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord : Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal accord also known as the Punjab Accord was signed on July 24, 1985 between PM Rajiv Gandhi and Sant Harchand Longowal.

(iv) Assam Accord : Mizo Peace Accord: The Mizo Peace accord was signed on June 30, 1986 between GOI and Mizo National Front (MNF) marking the end of over two decades of insurgency in the north-eastern state of Mizoram.