UGC NET/JRF EXAM, December-2023 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

Participatory Democracy: It is a model of democracy that emphasizes direct involvement of citizens in decision-making processes rather than society relying on elected representatives. Thinkers associated with Participatory Democracy:

(i) Carole Pateman
(ii) Benjamin Barber
(iii) C.B. Macpherson

Jurgen Hebarmas supported Deliberative democracy and lan Shabiro supported Deliberative democracy but with a more pragmatic and critical approach.

Manu did not explicitly detail the principles of diplomacy and statecraft in the way modern theorists do. His teachings and legal framework were primarily concerned with moral and ethical principles rather than contractual agreements.

Manu's framework relied on the moral and ethical conduct of the ruler, their duties towards their subjects and the maintenance of social harmony rather than formal contracts or treaties. Alliances were often formed based on kinship, honor and strategic interests rather than formal agreements.

There were some issues that Gandhi and Tagore disagreed on:

(i) Nationalism: Tagore criticized Gandhi for his parochial nationalism and described his nationalism as an aggressive nationalism.

(ii) English Language: Gandhi was against the use of modern culture. For this reason Gandhi opposed English while Tagore felt a sense of affection for works of Western Scholars.

(iii) Spinning Wheel : Tagore had a nuanced view of Gandhi's spinning wheel as a symbol of selfreliance and resistance against British colorial rule.

(iv) Freedom from colonial rule: Despite their differences on various issues, both Mahatma Gandhi and Tagore had similar views on colonial rule.

Following statement are correct in the arena of administrative theories:

(i) The concept of the "Ideal type of democracy" was formulated by German socialogist Max Weber.

(ii) The father of scientific management theory is Frederick Winslow Taylar. He developed the theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing an improving industrial efficiencу.

(iii) The father of the Human Relations Theory is Elton Meyo.

(iv) The Hawthorne Experiment refers to a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company. These experiments are widely credited with laying the foundation for the Human Relations Movement in management theory.

(i) The constructivist argument posits that culture is not a fixed, inherent characteristic passed down through generations rather something that is actively constructed or invented by individuals and societies.

(ii) The constructivist argument that culture has a causal effect. Culture actively shapes and influences human behavior, social structures and outcomes rather than being merely a passive or secondary product of society. In this view, culture is a powerful force that drives human action and affects how people understand and interact with the world.

A failed state is a country or government that unable to perform its basic functions and responsibilities effectively leading to a breakdown in political, social and economic order.

Following statements are correct regarding a failed state :

(i) Sierra Leone is a failed state. It fails to perform the functions that do not define it as a state.

(ii) A failed state fails to perform the functions that define it as a state.

(iii) A failed state succeeds in persecuting its residents.

(iv)  A failed state successfully controls its residents.

73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992) in India focuses on the Panchayati Raj System, which is the system of local self-government in rural areas. The amendment aimed to strengthen the democratic structure at the grassroots level by ensuring the decentralization of power and giving more outonomy to local governments.

Key provisions of the 73rd Amendment include.

(i) It mandates the establishment of three-tier Panchayati Raj institutions at the village, intermediate and district level.

(ii) Gram Sabha can exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as may be prescribed by law in the state legislature.

(iii) To review the financial position of the Panchayts, the Governor constitutes a Finance Commission. This provision is mentioned in Article 243 I of the Indian Constitution. This commission reviews the financial position of the Panchayats in the state and makes recommendations to the Governor.

(iv) State Election Commission was established to conduct elections to Panchayats the tenure of panchayts was fixed at five years. In case of supersession of Panchayats, fresh elections are held within six months.

Feminist theory is a set of ideas that aims to understand and address gender inequality and to create a more just and equal society. (i) Feminist theory seeks to end sexism and create a better society for everyone, regardless of gender. It analyzes gender inequality in a variety of fields, including politics, education, media and more. • Thinkers associated with Feminist theory: (ii) Mary Wollstonecraft (ii) Judith Butler (iii) Carale Pateman (iv) Martha Nussbaum (v) Simone de Beauvoir (vi) Christine de Pison (vii) Dr. Anandibai Joshi

(i) Interventions inIraq: Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and 42 country coalition led by united states. It began on 17 Januar, 1991 and come to close on 28 January, 1991. The Iraq War was a prolonged conflict in Iraq lasting from 2003 to 2011.

(ii) The Darfur conflict began in the earely 2000s and has received a lot of international attention and efforts to help ever since.

(iii) Somalia conflict has been various interventions including the United Nations Operation in Somalia I in 1992–1993 and the United Nations Operation in Somalia II in 1993–1995.

(iv) SIE RRA LEONE: The Sierra Leone Civil war occurred from 1991 to 2002 with various. Interventions and peace keeping efforts, including deployment of United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone from 1999 to 2005. This question is dropped by NTA.