UGC NET/JRF EXAM, December-2023 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

E-Governance means the integrated use of communication and information technologies to provide government information and services to the citizens of a country. The 'E' in E-Governance stands for "Electronic".

Information and Communication Technologies and tools used to manage and exchange information electronically. • Roles of ICT in E-Governance.

(i) E-Governance reduces government costs.

(ii) ICT promotes transparency in governance by facilitating public access to government operations and data.

(iii) E-Governance reduces bureaucracy and red-tape.

(iv) E-Governance increases citizens participation (Prayas scheme) in the government. Prayas scheme refers to an initiative related to e-governance where efforts are made to enhance citizen participation and engagement through electronic means.

(i) Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter deals primarily with the responsibilities and powers of the United Nations Security Council. It outlines the means by which the Security Council can maintain international peace and security including the measures it can take address threats to peace, breaches of peace and acts of aggression.

(ii) Article 41 of the United Nations Charter outlines the measures that the United Nations Security Council may take to enforce its decisions. These measures do not involve the use of armed force but may include break-off of diplomatic relations.

(iii) According to the United Nations Charter, only the United Nations Security Council has the authority to impose and withdraw sanctions.

(iv)  The United Nations Security Council applies sanctions primarily as a tool to maintain and restore international peace and security. The Security Council has applied sanctions to support peaceful transitions and to prevent non-constitutional changes.

Vice Presidents of India who later became Presidents of India L.

(i) i Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Vice President of India (1952 to 1962), President of India (1961 to 1967)

(ii) V.V. Giri : Vice President of India (1967 to 1969), President of India (3 May 1969 - 20 July 1969)

(iii) Shankar Dayal Sharma : Vice President (1987- 1992), President (1992-97) (iv) R. Venkataraman: Vice President (1984-1987) , President (1987-1992)

(i) Aurobindo went to England at the age of seven.
(ii) Hе passed the ICS exam at the age of 18.
(iii) On returning to India in 1893, he served of the vice-principal of Baroda College.
(iv) Aurobindo participated in the Benares session of the Congress (1905).
(v) Aurobindo Ghosh was arrested on May 2, 1908 in the Alipore Bomb Case. He was arrested from his grey street office.

(i) Max Weber: Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist and political economist.

(ii) William F. Willoughby (1867-1960) was renowned American political scientist and professor, known for his contributions to the study of public administration and comparative politics.

(iii) Elton Mayo : George Elton Mayo (1880-1949) was an Australian born psychologist, industrial researcher and organizational theorist.

(iv) David Easton: David Easton (1917-2014) was a Canadian- born American political scientist.

"Atmsamman Movement" was a social and political movement initiated in the early 20th century by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. Its primary aim was to eradicate caste discrimination, Brahminical dominance, and social inequality while fostering a sense of dignity and selfrespect among marginalized communities, especially the Dalits and backward class.

This movement was a social movement aimed at creating a new society without caste, religion and God. This movement emphasized the revival of Dravidian languages such as Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.

The Dhar Commission was a committee established by the Government of India in 1948 to recommend principles for the reorganization of states in post-independence India. It was constituted on June 17, 1948 by President Rajendra Prasad and was chaired by S.K. Dhar.

It was set up to examine whether states should be reorganized on linguistic or other bases. It was the first such commission formed for this purpose in independent India.

The process in which a dictatorial ruling elite initiates liberal reforms that lead to democratic change is called a "top-down democratic transition". It refers to process in which democracy is introduced or implemented by the ruling elite or those in power, rather than emerging from grassroots movements or popular uprisings.

This type of transition often occurs when authoritarian leaders, political elites or ruling classes voluntarily initiate democratic reforms, usually due to internal or external pressures.

108th Amendment Bill, also known as the Women's Reservation Bill, is a bill that aims to reserve one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and state Legislative Assemblies. Key features of the 108th Amendment Bill.

(i) It sought to reserve one-third of all seats in the Lok-Sabha and State Assemblies for women.

(ii) The Reserved seats would be rotated among different constituencies in each general election to ensure fairness.

(iii) The reservation will cease to exist 15 years after the amendment act comes into effect.