UGC NET/JRF EXAM, December-2023 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

George W. Bush's foreign policy shift towards interventionist policies and the demonstration of global power can largely be attributed to the events of September 11, 2001. The terrorist attacks on that day prompted a significant change in U.S. foreign policy leading to a more aggressive and interventionist stance.

The Bush administration responded with the "War on Terror" which included the invasion of Afghanistan to dismantle the Taliban and disrupt Al-Qaeda and later the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Indian Navy and United States Navy conducts a joint patrolling in the strait of Malacca. This patrolling is organized to enhance maritime security cooperation between the two countries. The objective of such a patrolling is to ensure regional maritime security and address challenges such as illegal fishing, trafficking, terrorism and maritime piracy.

The Concurrent list is a list given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. It includes subjects on both the Central and State governments can make laws. Uniformity of law is necessary across the country on the subjects included in concurrent list. There are currently 52 subjects in the concurrent list-

Subjects part of concurrent list.

(i) Bankruptcy and insolvency.
(ii) Prevention of cruelty of animals
(iii) Economic and social planning.

Markets and fairs come under the state list.

The concept of autonomy involves the development, exercise and maintenance of a particular set of skills that individuals must cultivate over time. This ongoing process of planning and managing is not automatic but requires intentional efforts and resources. These resources are secured through social and material conditions provided by the state.

(i) Contracting out and public-private partnerships are methods used by governments to deliver public services and infrastructure projects by involving private sector entities. These approaches have become prevalent in many countries as part of the broader trend towards privatization and efficiency in public administration.

(ii) The concept of "divorce" between the complex reality of decision-making in governance and the normative codes used to explain and justify government refers to a disconnect between the practical challenges faced by decision makers and the theoretical frameworks or rules that are traditionally employed to understand and justify those decisions.

(i) "Modern democracy is a party democracy (katz)". Richard S. Katz, a political scientist has written extensively on the role of political parties in modern democracies.

(ii) "Democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties". This statement was given by E.Е. Schattschneider in his work Party Government (1942).

(iii) "Parties are the core institutions of democratic politics" (Lipset) Seymour Martin Lipset, a sociologist and political scientist highlighted the importance of political parties as care institutions in democratic politics.

(iv) The existence of political parties is often as a necessary condition for the existence of modern democracy. This statement is not by Robert Dahl.

The concept of "Constructive conflict" was popularized by Mary Parker Follett, an early 20th Century Social theorist and management consultant. She believed that conflict could be a creative force if approached constructively.

She coined the term "constructive conflict" to describe her idea that disagreement could benefit an organization. Follet's theory of constructive conflict is based on the idea of inventive integration, which involves finding solutions that meet the needs of all parties. To overcome 'conflict' in a constructive way in an organization follet has suggested three methods. (i) Domination (ii) Compromise (iii) Integration.

The term "Philosophical Anarchism" was popularized in the 19th century by the American individualists Benjamin R. Tucker, Victor Yarros and various other writers associated with Tucker's journal Liberty William Godwin is credited with developing the theory of philosophical anarchism.

Philosophical anarchism rejects the idea of legitimate authority in the sense that no individual, whether state official or not has the right to command the obedience of another. Philosophical anarchism is a way of thinking in political philosophy that questions and often rejects the idea of the state being very critical or even supportive of getting rid of it altogether.

(i) Justice as fairness: It is a political philosophy developed by John Rawls in his seminal work "A theory of Justice" (1971).

(ii) John Rawls's concept of "Distributive Justice" is central to his broader theory of justice as fairness, articulated in "A Theory of Justice".

(iii) The theory of "Class in itself" is a concept developed by Karl Marx to describe the objective existence of a social class.

(iv) The theory of the "Veil of ignorance" was developed by John Rawls the veil of ignorance is a thought experiment designed to ensure impartiality in the selection of principles of justice.

The "Thirty Years War (1618-1648)" is often seen as an important event in shaping the modern system of countries. It involved many of the main European powers and caused major changes in politics, religion and society across Europe. The Peace of Westpholia.

Which ended the war in 1648 is commonly seen as marking the beginning of the modern state system. This treaty established the concept of a nationstate, which is a political entity that has the right to rule itself and defend its territory.

The principles established in the peace of westphalia, such as the recognition of sovereign states and the idea of territorial integrity laid the foundation for the modern nation - state system in Europe.