UGC NET/JRF EXAM, December-2023 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

(i) India has historically been considered a safe haven for refugees due to its open-door policy and cultural diversity. Throughout its history, India has provided refuge to individuals fleeing persecution, conflict and oppression from neighboring countries and beyond.

(ii) India does not have a formal national refugee law but it does have some legal protections for refugees. India has not signed the 1951 Refugee Convention.

Kabir was known for his simple, everyday language to express profound spiritual truth. His poetry often combined elements from Hinduism, Islam and Sufism, emphasizing a direct, personal relationship with the divine syncretism in the context of Kabir refers to the blending and fusion of diverse religious belief's, practices and elements from different traditions within the teachings and philosophy of Kabir.

Kabir's teachings encompass a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim spiritual ideas, which were influenced by the Bhakti Movement.

Characteristics of concept of Accountability:

(i)  Accountability in a relationship means that when someone is responsible for certain tasks or duties, they must answer to another person or group. This involves explaining their actions, following guidance or providing reasons for what they have done. It ensure that their work is monitored and evaluated by someone else to maintain responsibility and transparency.

(ii) Accountability can be categorized into different types depending on context and stakeholders involved. Main types of accountability: Political, Administrative, legal, Social etc.

(i) A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a device that can kill or harm many people or cause damage to the environment through bilogical, chemical radiological or nuclear means.

(ii) The Chemical Weapons convention (CWC) outlaws chemical weapons. It bans the development, production, stockpiling retention, transfer and use of chemical weapons. It also requires the destruction of existing chemical weapons and related facilities.

Chenical weapons convention entered into force on 29 April 1997.

(i) Civil society is one among many spheres of the larger society along with family, economy politics etc.
(ii) It can be understood as a collective entity that springs from society and exists for specific and limited purpose.
(iii) The first articulation of the concept took place in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.
(iv) The concept was part of the economic and political liberalism that arose with John Locke and was celebrated by Scottish enlightment.
(v) The concept found a significant place in the writings of Hegel and Marx in the 19th century.

The 24th Amendment of the Indian Constitution (1971), overrode the Supreme Court's decision limited Parliament's ability to implement significant constitutional changes, especially those affecting socio-economic reforms 24th Amendment restored Parliament's authority to amend the Constitution significantly impacting India's legal and political landscape.

(i) Universal suffrage: It refers to the right of all adult citizens to vote in elections, regardless of their gender, race, religion, social status or wealth. It is a fundamental principle of democracy.

(ii) Majoritarian electoral system: A majoritarian electoral system is a type of voting system where the candidate or party that receives the majority of votes wins. It is designed to ensure that the winning candidate or party has a strong mandate to govern.

(iii) Single-Member District Plurality (SMDP) System: Also known as first Past the post, it is a type of majoritarian electoral system where each electoral district elects one representative. The candidate who gets the most votes wins, even if they do not achieve an absolute majority.

(iv) The Alternative vote is a voting system used for Single- member constituencies where voters rank candidates in order of preference instead of voting for just one candidate. It ensures that the winner has majority support through a series of rounds.

Theoretical sequence according to the Marxist concept of history:

(i) Steam, machinery and the making of machines by machinery transformed the older manufacture, carried out under feudalism into modern industry.

(ii) The present structure of society is the creation of the current ruling class, the bourgeoisie.

(iii) While the capitalist mode of production more and more transforms the great majority of the population into proletarians, it creats a power that is forced to accomplish a revolution against capitalism.

(iv) The proletariat seizes political power and turns the means of production into state property.

(v) Finally the proletariat abolishes itself, abolishes all class distinction and class antagonism and also abolishes the state as state.