UGC NET/JRF EXAM, INTERNATIONAL & AREA STUDIES, December-2023 (PAPER-II)

Total Questions: 100

41. Hedley Bull distinguishes three levels of justice in world politics:

(a) International or interstate justice
(b) Individual or human justice
(c) Prohibitive justice
(d) Imperial justice
(e) World justice

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (e) only
Solution:Hedley Bull identifies three key levels of justice in world politics: international or interstate justice, individual or human justice, and world justice. International or interstate justice focuses on interactions and agreements between states, maintaining order and fairness in international relations.

Individual or human justice emphasizes the rights and protections of individuals, ensuring that human rights are upheld globally. World justice refers to broader concepts of global fairness and equity,

addressing issues that transcend national boundaries, such as environmental sustainability, and global health. Options (c) and (d), prohibitive justice and imperial justice, are not recognized by Bull as distinct levels of justice. Therefore, the correct answer includes (a), (b), and (e) only.

42. Characteristics of 'Group think' approach in foreign policy, according to Irving Janis, include:

(a) Illusion of invulnerability
(b) Belief in inherent morality of the group
(c) Self-Censorship
(d) Reversion to tribal state
(e) Direct pressure on dissenters

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (c), (e) only
Solution:The concept of ‘Group think’ as introduced by Irving Janis includes several characteristics: illusion of invulnerability, which creates excessive optimism and risk-taking; belief in the inherent morality of the group,

leading members to ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions; self-censorship, where dissenting opinions are suppressed; and direct pressure on dissenters, where members who disagree are pressured to conform.

The reversion to a tribal state is not included in Janis’ framework. These elements illustrate how group cohesion can lead to poor decision-making and failures in critical analysis, which can be detrimental in foreign policy contexts.

43. Alexander Wendt suggests three ideal types of anarchy:

(a) Hobbesian
(b) Applebian
(c) Lockean
(d) Kantian
(e) Freudian

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (c), (d) only
Solution:Alexander Wendt outlines three ideal types of anarchy in international relations: Hobbesian, Lockean, and Kantian. The Hobbesian type is characterized by a state of war of all against all, where survival is the primary concern.

The Lockean type reflects a more restrained form of anarchy where states recognize each other’s sovereignty and coexist with competition and rivalry.

The Kantian type envisions a more cooperative and rule-based order where states work together towards common goals. The terms Apphian and Freudian are not relevant in Wendt’s framework, making (a), (c), and (d) the correct answer.

44. Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) stipulates that countries may resort to armed forces only if following criteria of 'Jus ad Bellum' are met:

(a) Just cause
(b) Proportionality
(c) Last resort
(d) Gandhian ideological confluence
(e) Public declaration of war

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (b), (c), (e) only
Solution:The criteria of ‘Jus ad Bellum’ under the Law of Armed Conflict include just cause, proportionality, last resort, and public declaration of war. Just cause requires a legitimate reason for the use of force, such as self-defense.

Proportionality ensures that the response is proportional to the threat faced. Last resort means that all non-violent options have been exhausted.

Public declaration of war involves a formal announcement of the intention to engage in armed conflict. Gandhian ideological confluence is not a recognized criterion under ‘Jus ad Bellum’. Hence, the correct criteria are (a), (b), (c), and (e).

45. The Chinese Communist Party includes following party organs/offices:

(a) Politburo
(b) General Secretary
(c) National Party Congress
(d) Tiannenman Square Security congress
(e) Central Military Commission

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (c), (e) only
Solution:The Chinese Communist Party includes several key organs: the Politburo, which is the principal policymaking committee; the General Secretary, who is the top official of the Party; the National Party Congress, which is the party’s legislative body; and the Central Military Commission, which oversees the armed forces.

The Tiananmen Square Security Congress is not an actual organ of the Party. These structures play a crucial role in the governance and strategic direction of the Party and the state, making (a), (b), (c), and (e) the correct answer.

46. Cyber threats can be put into categories of:

(a) Cyber warfare
(b) Cyber espionage
(c) Cyber crime
(d) Cyber terrorism
(e) Cyber winter

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: A. (a), (b), (c), (d) only
Solution:Cyber threats can be categorized into cyber warfare, cyber espionage, cyber crime, and cyber terrorism. Cyber warfare involves state-sponsored attacks aimed at disrupting, damaging, or controlling enemy information systems.

Cyber espionage refers to the use of cyber tools to spy on governments or organizations to gather intelligence. Cyber crime involves illegal activities conducted through computer networks, such as fraud or identity theft.

Cyber terrorism is the use of cyber attacks to create fear or harm for political purposes. Cyber winter is not a recognized category of cyber threats. Thus, the correct categories are (a), (b), (c), (d).

47. Underlying assumptions of Mercantilism include the following:

(a) Humans are super natural
(b) Economics is superior to state interest
(c) International economy is conflictual
(d) Insecurity of anarchy breeds competition
(e) Economics is subordinate to state interest

Choose the correct answer from the options given below`:

Correct Answer: D. (c), (d), (e) only
Solution:Mercantilism is based on the assumptions that the international economy is inherently conflictual, insecurity breeds competition among states, and economics is subordinate to state interest.

This perspective emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth and resources to enhance national power and security. The idea that humans are supernatural or that economics is superior to state interest does not align with mercantilist thought.

Mercantilism focuses on the competitive nature of international relations and the role of the state in directing economic activity to serve national interests. Therefore, the correct assumptions are (c), (d), and (e).

48. Negative sanctions as instruments of economic statecraft against a target state include:

(a) Grant of Most-Favoured Nations (MFN) status
(b) Freezing of assets
(c) Arms embargo
(d) Export/ Import limits of selected technology
(e) Investment guarantees and tax breaks

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (b), (c), (d) only
Solution:Negative sanctions as instruments of economic statecraft include the freezing of assets, arms embargoes, and export/ import limits on selected technology. These measures are used to exert pressure on a target state by restricting its economic capabilities and access to resources.

Granting Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) status and providing investment guarantees and tax breaks are positive incentives rather than negative sanctions.

These negative sanctions aim to compel the target state to change its behavior by creating economic hardship and limiting its strategic options. Hence, the correct measures are (b), (c), and (d).

49. Pakistan Army and Raiders launched offensive in Jammu and Kashmir in October, 1947. These belonged to following tribes:

(a) Afridi
(b) Wazir
(c) Mahsud
(d) Swathi
(e) Sindhi

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: A. (a), (b), (c), (d) only
Solution:In October 1947, the Pakistan Army and tribal raiders launched an offensive in Jammu and Kashmir, involving tribes such as the Afridi, Wazir, Mahsud, and Swathi.

These tribes were known for their martial traditions and played a significant role in the conflict. The Sindhi tribe was not involved in this offensive.

The involvement of these tribes contributed to the intensity and complexity of the conflict, which led to significant territorial and political changes in the region. Therefore, the correct tribes are (a), (b), (c), and (d).

50. The 'Four Power Treaty' on Berlin in 1971 included the following countries:

(a) Britain
(b) France
(c) China
(d) United States
(e) USSR

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (a), (b), (d), (e) only
Solution:The ‘Four Power Treaty’ on Berlin in 1971 involved Britain, France, the United States, and the USSR. These countries were the main Allied powers responsible for the administration of Berlin after World War II.

The treaty aimed to improve relations and stabilize the situation in Berlin, which was divided into East and West during the Cold War. China was not a party to this treaty.

The agreement facilitated cooperation and communication between the East and West, contributing to the eventual reunification of Germany. Therefore, the correct countries are (a), (b), (d), and (e).