UGC NET/JRF EXAM, INTERNATIONAL & AREA STUDIES, December-2023 (PAPER-II)

Total Questions: 100

51. Types of enforcement of International Law include:

(a) Vertical enforcement
(b) Horizontal enforcement
(c) Self interest
(d) Norms and ethics
(e) Climate change mitigation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. (a), (b), (c), (d) only
Solution:Types of enforcement of international law include vertical enforcement, which involves higher authorities like international courts or organizations enforcing rules on states;

horizontal enforcement, where states enforce laws upon each other through mechanisms like treaties and sanctions; self-interest, where states comply with international laws that align with their national interests;

and norms and ethics, which refer to adherence to international laws based on moral principles and global standards. Climate change mitigation is not a type of enforcement but a policy area within international law. This makes option (a), (b), (c), and (d) correct.

52. Absolute monarchy under authoritarian rule exists in following countries.

(a) Kuwait
(b) Qatar
(c) Venezuela
(d) Denmark
(e) Saudi Arabia

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (e) only
Solution:Absolute monarchy under authoritarian rule exists in Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. These countries have monarchs who hold significant power and authority, often with limited or no checks from other branches of government.

Venezuela and Denmark do not fit this category; Venezuela has experienced varying degrees of authoritarian rule but is not an absolute monarchy,

and Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with democratic governance. Thus, the correct countries with absolute monarchies are (a), (b), and (e).

53. Following factors are associated with the end of the Cold War:

(a) Structural weakness of Soviet-style commission
(b) Impact of Gorbachev's reform process
(c) American policy and the 'Second' Cold War
(d) Disintegration of Iran
(e) Economic and cultural globalization

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (c), (e) only
Solution:The factors associated with the end of the Cold War include the structural weaknesses of Soviet-style communism, which led to economic inefficiencies and political instability;

the impact of Gorbachev’s reform processes, such as glasnost and perestroika, which aimed to open up the Soviet economy and society but also accelerated its collapse; and American policy during the ‘Second’ Cold War, which increased pressure on the Soviet Union.

Economic and cultural globalization also played a role in undermining the closed systems of the Soviet bloc. The disintegration of Iran is not related to the end of the Cold War. Thus, the correct factors are (a), (b), (c), and (e).

54. Following Republics became independent countries after the disintegration of USSR in 1991.

(a) Moldova
(b) Poland
(c) Belarus
(d) Lithuania
(e) Azerbaijan

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (c), (d), (e) only
Solution:After the disintegration of the USSR in 1991, several republics became independent countries, including Moldova, Belarus, Lithuania, and Azerbaijan.

These nations gained sovereignty and established themselves as independent states following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Poland, however, was already an independent country before the disintegration of the USSR. Therefore, the correct republics are (a), (c), (d), and (e).

55. According to Mearsheimer's neorealist stability theory, conditions of stable bipolarity include:

(a) Two Superpowers
(b) Several great powers
(c) Nuclear deterrence
(d) Europe during Cold War
(e) Conventional military rivalry

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (c), (d) only
Solution:According to Mearsheimer’s neorealist stability theory, conditions of stable bipolarity include the presence of two superpowers that dominate the international system,

nuclear deterrence that prevents direct conflict between these superpowers, and the existence of a stable rivalry, such as Europe during the Cold War.

This bipolar structure is seen as more stable because it reduces the chances of miscalculations and conflicts among multiple great powers.

Several great powers and conventional military rivalry do not align with the concept of stable bipolarity. Thus, the correct conditions are (a), (c), and (d).

56. The policy prescriptions of 'Washington Consensus' include the following:

(a) Trade Liberalization
(b) Elimination of barriers to FDI
(c) Nationalization of state owned enterprises
(d) Enforcement of property rights
(e) Deregulation of the economy

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (d), (e) only
Solution:The policy prescriptions of the ‘Washington Consensus’ include trade liberalization, which promotes free trade and reduces trade barriers; elimination of barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI),

encouraging investment flows into the country; enforcement of property rights to ensure legal protection of assets and investments; and deregulation of the economy to reduce government intervention and promote market efficiency.

Nationalization of state-owned enterprises is not part of the Washington Consensus, which generally advocates for privatization. Therefore, the correct policies are (a), (b), (d), and (e).

57. 'Asian Tigers' which experienced rapid economic growth were:

(a) Hong Kong
(b) Taiwan
(c) Singapore
(d) The Philippines
(e) South Korea

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b), (c), (e) only
Solution:The ‘Asian Tigers’ refer to Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea, which experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization from the 1960s to the 1990s.

These economies became highly developed and competitive through policies that promoted export-oriented industrialization, high levels of education, and significant investment in infrastructure.

The Philippines, although part of the Southeast Asian region, did not experience the same level of rapid economic growth as the ‘Asian Tigers’. Thus, the correct countries are (a), (b), (c), and (e).

58. Steps taken by India to strengthen cyber defensive capabilities include the following:

(a) National cyber security policy announced and is being implimented
(b) National cyber security coordinator appointed in 2015
(c) National criminal center established
(d) National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection center established
(e) Indian Social Response Team

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (b), (d) only
Solution:India has taken several steps to strengthen its cyber defensive capabilities, including the announcement and implementation of the National Cyber Security Policy, which outlines measures to protect information infrastructure;

the appointment of a National Cyber Security Coordinator in 2015 to oversee cyber security efforts; and the establishment of the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre to protect critical sectors from cyber threats.

The National Criminal Center and the Indian Social Response Team are not part of these measures. Therefore, the correct steps are (a), (b), and (d).

59. As per 2019 Chinese defense white paper, following national defense aims and objective were identified:

(a) To safeguard national political security, the people security and social stability
(b) To oppose and contain 'Taiwan independence
(c) To safeguard PRC's maritime rights and interests
(d) To join QUAD as a member
(e) To support sustainable development of China

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (a), (b), (c), (e) only
Solution:The 2019 Chinese defense white paper outlines several national defense aims and objectives, including safeguarding national political security, the people’s security, and social stability; opposing and containing “Taiwan independence” to maintain territorial integrity;

safeguarding China’s maritime rights and interests; and supporting the sustainable development of China. Joining QUAD as a member is not mentioned in the white paper,

as it would contradict China’s strategic positioning against alliances perceived as countering its influence. Thus, the correct objectives are (a), (b), (c), and (e).

60. Which of the following Scholars are regarded as Neoclassical realist?

(a) Norrin M. Ripsman
(b) Jeffrey W. Talliferro
(c) Fareed Zakaria
(d) Steven E. Lobell
(e) Gideon Rose

Choose the correct answer from the options given below

Correct Answer: D. (a), (b), (c), (d), (e)
Solution:Neoclassical realism combines classical realist and structural realist perspectives, focusing on how domestic variables influence state behavior in international politics.

Scholars regarded as neoclassical realists include Norrin M. Ripsman, Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Fareed Zakaria, Steven E. Lobell, and Gideon Rose. They emphasize the importance of internal factors such as state leadership, domestic institutions, and national identity in shaping foreign policy.

All these scholars contribute to the understanding of how state behavior is influenced by both international and domestic pressures, making the comprehensive list (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) correct.