UGC NET/JRF EXAM, INTERNATIONAL & AREA STUDIES, February-2023 (PAPER-II)

(b) Bindusar: He was the son of Chandragupta Maurya and the second emperor of the Maurya Empire.

(c) Ashoka: He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya and one of the most famous emperors of the Mauryan Dynasty, known for his conversion to Buddhism and his efforts to spread non-violence and dharma.

(d) King Rajendra: King Rajendra does not belong to the Mauryan Dynasty. He is not associated with the Mauryan Empire.

(e) Suryavarman: Suryavarman was a king of the Khmer Empire (in presentday Cambodia) and is not part of the Mauryan Dynasty.

(c) Shakuntalam: Shakuntalam is a classical Sanskrit play by the ancient Indian poet and playwright Kalidasa. It is one of the most famous works of Indian literature and is known for its depiction of love and beauty.

(d) (b) Rajtarangini: Rajatarangini is a historical chronicle of the kings of Kashmir written by Kalhana, a Kashmiri historian, in Sanskrit. It covers the history of Kashmir from ancient times to the 12th century. The Prince: "The Prince" is a political treatise written by the Italian diplomat and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli. It is not an Indian text.

(e) Odyssey: The "Odyssey" is an ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer. It is not an Indian text.

(a) Security of State and Citizens: One of the primary responsibilities of a ruler was to safeguard the state and its citizens from external threats, invasions, and internal disturbances. This involved maintaining a strong defense, protecting borders, and ensuring law and order within the kingdom.

(b) Economic Prosperity: A just ruler was expected to work towards the economic growth and prosperity of the kingdom. This involved promoting trade, agriculture, and industries, which in turn contributed to the overall well-being of the population.

(c) Welfare State: Rajdharma emphasized the importance of the welfare of the people. This included providing essential services, healthcare, education, and basic amenities to the citizens, contributing to their overall quality of life.

(d) Environment-Friendly Rule: While not explicitly stated in ancient texts, a responsible ruler would consider the sustainable use of natural resources to ensure their availability for future generations. This aspect aligns with the modern concept of environmental sustainability.

(e) Peaceful Environment: Maintaining peace within the kingdom and fostering peaceful relations with neighbouring states were crucial for stability and development. A peaceful environment allowed the people to pursue their livelihoods without fear or disruption.

Collectively, Rajdharma aimed at creating a just and harmonious society where the ruler acted in the best interests of the people, ensuring their security, well-being, and prosperity. This concept was integral to the principles of good governance in ancient Indian society.

• Panduputra – sons of Pandu
• Pandavakumara – young Pandavas
• Kaunteya – sons of Kunti (Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna).
• Madreya – sons of Madri (Nakula and Sahadeva)

(a) Usurpation of Kingdom: This refers to the act of forcefully taking over another ruler’s kingdom or territory. Disputes over power and control often result in military confrontations.

(b) Abduction of Women: The abduction or mistreatment of women, especially princesses or noblewomen, was considered a grave offense in ancient societies. Such actions could lead to revenge and hostilities, potentially escalating to warfare.

(c) Killing of Friends and Political Rivals: The assassination of allies, friends, or political rivals could spark hostilities and trigger retaliation from their supporters or associates. Political murders often have far-reaching consequences, including armed conflicts.

(e) Luring Away of Learned Men and Soldiers: If learned scholars, advisors, and skilled soldiers are enticed or recruited to join the enemy’s side, it can weaken a kingdom’s resources and morale, potentially leading to conflict.