UGC NET/JRF EXAM, INTERNATIONAL & AREA STUDIES, February-2023 (PAPER-II)

(c) Egypt: Egypt gained independence from British occupation on February 28, 1922. While Egypt had achieved nominal independence earlier, it wasn’t until 1952 that the Egyptian Revolution led to the establishment of a republic.

(b) Morocco: Morocco gained independence from French and Spanish colonial rule on March 2, 1956. This marked the end of the French and Spanish protectorates over the country.

(d) Kenya: Kenya gained independence from British colonial rule on December 12, 1963. The Mau Mau uprising and nationalist movements played a significant role in pushing for Kenya’s independence.

(e) Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe (formerly known as Southern Rhodesia) gained independence from British colonial rule on April 18, 1980. The country’s liberation struggle led by figures like Robert Mugabe culminated in the establishment of an independent Zimbabwe.

(b) League of Nations (1920): The League of Nations was established after World War I as an international organization aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among nations. It was the first attempt at creating a global organization to maintain international order.

(c) World War-2 (1939-1945): One of the most devastating conflicts in human history, World War II involved many nations around the world.

(e) Liberation of Central Asian Republics (1991-1992): This refers to the period following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, during which the Central Asian republics (such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) gained independence.

The process began in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union and continued into 1992 as these newly independent countries established their own governments and international identities.

(d) Bifurcation of Sudan (2011): This event refers to the peaceful secession of South Sudan from Sudan in 2011.

78. (c) Russia-Japan War: This war occurred from 1904 to 1905 between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea.

(a) Sino-Vietnam War: This war took place in 1979 between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict arose due to border disputes and historical tensions between the two countries.

(b) Iran-Iraq War: The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988. It was a conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq. The war resulted from territorial and political disputes as well as regional power struggles.

(e) Falklands War: The Falklands War occurred in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic.

(d) Sudanese Civil War: The Sudanese Civil War was a conflict that lasted for decades, with various phases and factions involved. The war started in the mid-20th century and continued into the 21st century.

(b) Jaswant Singh: He served as the Defence Minister of India in 2001 from 16 March - 18 October 2001 in the same government of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

(a) George Fernandes: He served as the Defence Minister of India from 2001 to 2004 in the government of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

(d) A.K. Antony: He served as the Defence Minister of India from 2006 to 2014 in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

(e) Nirmala Sitharaman: She served as the Defence Minister of India from 2017 to 2019 in the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

(d) Second War with Japan (Second Sino-Japanese War): This war began in 1937 as a conflict between China and Japan, continuing into World War II.

(c) Sino-Indian War: The conflict between China and India occurred in 1962.

(a) Vietnam War: China fought a brief border war with Vietnam in 1979.

(b) Doklam Crisis: This standoff between China and India over the Doklam plateau occurred in 2017.