UGC NET/JRF EXAM, JULY-2022 Labour and Social Welfare

Professional Employer Organization (PEO) is an organization that enters into a joint-employment relationship with an employer by leasing employees to the employer, thereby allowing the PEO to share and manage many employee-related responsibilities and liabilities.

Business process outsourcing (BPO) utilizes third-party vendors or subcontractors to carry out certain parts of their business operations. BPO is considered "offshore outsourcing" if the vendor or subcontractor is located in a different country; for instance, in the case of customer support.

An application service provider (ASP) is defined as an enterprise that delivers application functionality and associated services across a network to multiple customers using a rental or usage-based transaction-pricing model.

The concepts of id, ego, and superego are proposed by "Sigmund Freud" in his 'Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality'. Freud used these three concepts to describe the three parts of the human personality and to explain the way a human mind works.

According to Freud, the human personality is made up of three major systems: the id, ego, and superego. These three systems work together cooperatively and constitute a well-organized personality in a person and enable the person to interact with the external environment.

The ID:
It is the unconscious part of the human personality that works to fulfil basic desires.
It is based on the pleasure principle which aspires for the satisfaction of antisocial desires.
It is the basic personality component that is present since birth and seeks to satisfy sexual wishes.

The Ego:
It looks for rules and morals and resides in the unconscious mind.
The Ego always postpones the desire and to discharge the tension until it gets the desired object.
It is that aspect of personality, which strives to be logical and reasonable and to cope with the world of reality.

The Superego
It is the moral part of the personality, which is also known as conscience. It stands for perfection, rather than pleasure.
It acts as a balance between id and ego, it tries to figure out the solution which does not hurt either id or ego.
The Superego develops in the child's mind as a result of its response to the rewards and punishment adopted by the parents.

Sulking: To refuse to speak or smile because you want people to know that you are angry about something.

Cynical: When manager believes that employees are only interested in themselves and are not sincere.

B.F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the "Theory of Operant Conditioning" which is also known as "Instrumental Conditioning Theory".

This theory refers to the learning process where learning takes place through rewarding a certain behaviour or withholding reward for undesirable behaviour.

It is represented by the Response-Stimulus association (S-R association).

An alternative related approach is 'stimulus control' changing the event preceding. When a response operates on the environment, it may have consequences that can affect the likelihood of the response occurring again.

This form of learning is also known as instrumental conditioning because some action or behaviour of the learner is instrumental in bringing about a change in the environment that makes the action more or less likely to occur again in the future.

For example, putting food in your mouth (an operant) is likely to be repeated because of its pleasant consequences.

In 1960, the Central Government employees went on strike for five days from July 11-16. One of their demands was the establishment of Joint Consultative Machinery (J.C.M.). Immediately, the Government decided to set up the J.C.M. and proposed a scheme.

Accordingly, three-tier machinery with joint consultation at the Central, the Departmental and regional, local levels as supplementary to existing arrangements was proposed.

The scheme covered all the civil employees of the Central Government including the P&T Department, Civil Aviation Department and the Ministry of Defense.

• C029 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
• C087 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
• C098 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
• C100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)
• C105 Abolition of Forced Labour -Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
• C111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)
• C138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
• C155 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155)
• C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour -Convention, 1999 (No. 182)
• C187 Promotional Framework for -Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187)