UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2019* Labour and Social Welfare

After selecting a candidate, he is placed on a suitable job. It involves assigning suitable duties and responsibilities.

H is placing right man at the right job at right time. It is matching or correlating job requirement and individual characteristics.

Placement is a continuous process and is a stage after selection, particularly where no training is given. As men change and jobs undergo change over a period, so placement gains importance.

The Industrial Disputes Act 1947, provides for setting up of one or more Grievance Redressal Committees for the resolution of disputes arising out of individual grievances in industrial establishment employing twenty or more workmen.

The Grievance Redressal Committee shall consist of an equal number of members from the employer and the workmen. The chairperson of the Grievance Redressal Committee shall be selected from the employer and from among the workmen alternatively on rotation basis every year.

The total number of members of the Grievance Redressal Committee shall not exceed more than six, provided that there shall be, as far as practicable, one woman member if the Grievance Redressal Committee has two members and in case the number of members are more than two, the number of women members may be increased proportionately.

The workman's right to raise industrial dispute on the same matter under the provisions of this Act will not be affected by the setting up of Grievance Redressal Committee. The Grievance Redressal Committee may complete its proceedings within forty-five days on receipt of a written application by or on behalf of the aggrieved party.

The workman who is aggrieved of the decision of the Grievance Redressal Committee may prefer an appeal to the employer against the decision of Grievance Redressal Committee and the employer shall, within one month from the date of receipt of such appeal, dispose of the same and send a copy of his decision to the workman concerned.

The above said provisions will not apply to the workmen for whom there is an established Grievance Redressal Mechanism in the establishment concerned.

The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (1986)

This Act seeks to prohibit the engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of work in certain other employments. It intends to:

(a) ban the employment of children, that is, those who have not completed their 14th year, in specified occupations and processes.

(b) lay down a procedure to decide modifications to the schedule of banned occupations or processes.

(c) regulate the conditions of work of children in employments where they are not prohibited from working.

(d) lay down enhanced penalties for employment of children in violations of the provisions of this Act, and other Acts which forbid the employment of children.

(e) to obtain uniformity in the definition of "child" in the related laws.

Section 3: No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the Schedule or in any workshops wherein any of the processes set forth in Part B of the Schedule are carried on.

Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any workshop wherein any process is carried on by the occupier with the aid of his family or to any school established by, or receiving assistance or recognition from government.

The Schedule
Part A
Any occupation connected with:

(i) transport of passengers, goods or mails by railway;
(ii) cinder picking, clearing of an ash pit or building operation in the railway premises;
(iii) work in a catering establishment at a railway station, involving the movement of a vendor or any other employee of the establishment from one platform to another or into or out of a moving train;
(iv) work relating to the construction of a railway station or with any other work where it is done in close proximity to or between the railway lines;
(v) a port authority within the limits of any port; and
(vi) work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in shops with temporary licences.

Part B

(i) beedi-making;
(ii) carpet-weaving;
(iii) cement manufacture, including packing of cement:
(iv) cloth printing; dyeing and weaving;
(v) manufacture of matches, explosives and fire works:
(vi) mica-cutting and splitting;
(vii) shellac manufacture;
(viii) soap manufacture;
(ix) tanning;
(x) wool-cleaning;
(xi) building and construction industry;
(xii) manufacture of slate pencils (including packing);
(xiii) manufacture of products from agate; and
(xiv) manufacturing processes using toxic metals and substances such as lead, mercury, manganese, chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides and asbestos.

Occupational diseases are usually caused due to the presence of industrial poisonous and non-poisonous dust, particles and elements in the working environment of the factories and as also, due to poor physical conditions in the factories.

When the employees inhale or touch or come into contact with such dust or particles, etc., they enter into their bodies and affect their respiratory system, digestion, kidneys, heart, lungs, etc. and cause a number of occupational diseases, as listed below:

1. Phosphorous poisoning: Phosphorous usually enters into the body in the form of fumes (especially in factories manu-facturing explosives, etc.) and affect bones adversely..

2. Manganese poisoning: It is usually caused among manganese miners and results in inflammation of lungs.

3. Lead poisoning: It is usually caused among compositors, cable-makers, pointers, lead pipe-makers, etc. Inhalation of the fumes or dust containing lead particles causes stomach problems, vomiting, nausea, headache, anemia, joint pains, etc.

4. Mercury poisoning: Workers working in medical and scientific goods manu-facturing organisation or engaged in gold and silver refining, etc. usually, fall victim to mercury poisoning. Continuous inhalation of mercury may cause brain problems or skin diseases.

5. Anthrax: This is more common among tannery workers and wool carpet industry.

6. Bagassosis: Employees working in paper board mills using bagasse as their raw material usually fall victim to such diseases.

7. Silicosis: It is usually detected among workers of potteries, ceramics, slate, pencil and such other occupations. Inhaling dust containing silica particles affects lungs and causes respiratory and many other serious problems.

Besides the above, there are many other occupational diseases like byssinosis (among textile workers), telegraphists cramp (among telegraphists), asbestosis (among workers making asbestos mattresses) caisson disease, coal miners' pneumoconiosis, arsenic poisoning, benzene poisoning, toxic jaundice, toxic anemia, occupational cataract, loss of hearing, etc.