UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2019 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Gandhi transformed politics into a spiritual experience.
• He does not believe that religion and politics should be separated.
• He was against politics that were detached from religion.
• Modern politics, which has been divorced from reverent ascendancy, is nothing more than a game of power and deception.
• For Gandhi, politics without religion may take communal colour.
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Muhammad Iqbal (9 Nov 1877-21 April 1938) famous Persian and Urdu language poet, South Asian Islamic philosopher and politician.
Works of Muhammad Iqbal are:
• The Development of Metaphysics in persia (1908)
• The reconstruction of religious thought in Islam (1930)
• Tarana-e-Hind (1904)
• The Bang-e-Dara (1924)

Integral Humanism emphasizes the four characteristics of humanity: Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha.
• Individualism and communism as social systems are both criticized by integral Humanism.
• It defines Dharma as the foundation and Moksha as humanity’s ultimate aim.
• It describes society as a living natural organism with a distinct national soul.
• The fundamental themes of integral Humanism are harmony, the priority of cultural national values and discipline.
• Integrated humanism means human life is not isolated harmony among individual’s society and nations and the essential unity of the man.

Kautilya enumerates a total of 72 parkrities of Mandal theory of state.
• The cardinal assumption behind Kautilya’s Mandal theory was that the “neighbour of a nation is natural enemy and neighbour’s neighbour is a friend”.
• The four main categories of states in Mandal Theory are Vijigishu, Ari, Madhyama and Udasina.

Pandita Ramabai was a pioneering advocate for women’s education and social reform in 19th century India. She was the first woman to be accorded the titles of Pandita and Saraswati as a Sanskrit scholar.
• The British colonial Government of India awarded him the Kaisari-i-Hind medal for community service in 1919.

Ramvriksha Benipuri wrote the biography of Jayaprakash Narayan.
• Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava also known as JP and Lok Nayak, was an Indian politician, theorist and independence activist. Narayana joined public administration after asking it to IAS 1980 standing All India Rank 4.

Gandhi assert in Hind Swaraj that even great persons who were appraise pious committed terrible crimes because they believed there was no moral connection or dependency between means and ends.
• According to Iyer, Gandhi not only rejects the established distinction between aims and means but also insists on the adoption of ethical and moral means to the extent that they constitute the standard of reference rather than the ends.
• He emphasizes the biological interconnectedness between means and ends guided by this belief in the concept of Karma.

 Tilak was an Indian nationalist, teacher and an independence activist. Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj (‘Self-rule’) and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. Tilak promoted the Swadeshi and Boycott movements after the partition of Bengal.
• Tilak published two newspapers, Kesri was written in Marathi whereas Maratha was printed in English.

The Agganna Sutta is the 27th Sutta in the Digha Nikaya Collection.
• The meaning of Agganna is origin whereas Sutta stands for Dialogue.
• It contains the dialogue between Buddha to Bharadvaja and Vasettha.