UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2020 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

Total Questions: 100

1. 'All aspects of luck, including natural ability, should be irrelevant to distributive justice' — This statement refers to the concept of.

Correct Answer: (c) Luck egalitarianism
Solution:

 The statements, "All aspects of luck, including natural ability, should be irrelevant to distributive justice refers to the concept of luck egalitarianism.
• Luck egalitarianism is a theory of distributive justice that aims to reduce or eliminate the effects of luck on people’s well-being. Ronald Dworkin is a founding father of what has come to be called "Luck egalitarianism", a family of distributive justice.

2. Which among the following is NOT a salient feature of ‘individualist anarchism’?

Correct Answer: (d) Organicism
Solution:Among the following salient features, Organicism is not related to individualist anarchism.
• Organicism is a philosophical perspective that views universe as a living organism or organic whole. Its form of holism has been a significant tradition in natural philosophy
• The salient features of individualist anarchism are-
  1. Civil disobedience
  2. Ultra liberalism
  3. Private Property
  4. The sovereignty of the individual
  5. Natural law
  6. Transcendentalism.

3. The theory that ‘the Earth is best understood as a living entity that acts to maintain its own existence’ is known as

Correct Answer: (d) Gaia hypothesis
Solution:The theory that the earth is best understood as a living entity that acts to maintain its own existence is known as Gaia hypothesis.
• The Gaia hypothesis, also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle, proposes that all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on earth are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating system, maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.

4. Which among the following countries have no written constitution?

Correct Answer: (b) New Zealand
Solution:Among the following countries, New Zealand  has no written constitution. A written constitution is a  well-structured document that includes all the basic  rules, institutions and regulations in a planned manner.
• An unwritten constitution is not a single document, and the laws and contents are documented in other ways. Unwritten constitutions are more flexible and adaptable than amendments to written any law.
• Here are some major countries with an unwritten constitution- Canada, China, Israel, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom.

5. Which among the following forms of government is ideal for Machiavelli?

Correct Answer: (a) Republic
Solution:According to Machiavelli, he believed that the ideal form of government for his city of Florence, was a republican government, specifically a mixed republic that blended elements of aristocracy.
• He also believed that a republic is more stable and better suited for ensuring liberty and civic virtue. His political philosophy is known as Machiavellism. It is associated with the realism in foreign and domestic politics and with the view that those lead governments must prioritize the stability of the regime over ethical concerns.
• Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, (Italy) in 1469 in a family with modest means. 1513 Machiavelli produced his masterpiece ‘The Prince’. Eight years later he produced ‘Discourses’ in 1521.

6. Which of the following thinkers did not believe in women equality?

Correct Answer: (b) Aristotle and Hegel
Solution:Among the following thinkers did not believe in women equality.
Gender equality requires equal enjoyment by women and men of socially-valued goods, Opportunities resources and rewards.
• The term gender refers to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being a man or woman. Gender equality, besides being a fundamental human right, is essential to achieve peaceful society, with full human potential and sustainable development. Moreover, it has been shown that empowering women spurs productivity and economic growth.

7. In "The Considerations on Representative Government", J.S. Mill did not elaborate upon

Correct Answer: (d) Political parties
Solution:In "The Considerations on Representative Government", J.S. Mill did not elaborate upon political economy.
• In this book, Mill analyzes the values and procedures of representative government and democracy. He argues that representative government is the ideal form of government because it allows citizen to participate in politics by electing representatives.
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a leading figure in 19th century intellectual life. He contributed to the fields of logic, economics, ethics, social and political philosophy.

8. Aristotle's "ideal state is always Plato's second best". Who said that

Correct Answer: (a) G.H. Sabine
Solution:Aristotle "ideal state is always Plato's second best". G.H. Sabine said this. Plato's ideal state has been the subject of debate due to its limitations, including authoritarianism, impracticality and neglect of diversity. However, it also introduced thought-provoking ideas about governance, justice and virtue.
• Plato mentions five different types of regimes. The five kinds of governance are aristocracy and tyranny.
• In his ideal state there are three major classes, corresponding to the three parts of the soul. The guardians, who are philosophers, govern the city; the auxiliaries are soldiers who defend it; and the lowest class comprises the producers (Farmers, artisans etc).

9. Which one of the following is not the function of State, according to Kautilya?

Correct Answer: (d) Empire building only
Solution:

According to kautilya, empire building" is not the function of the state. Kautilya described well-organized state; Kingship, the qualities of an ideal ruler; the principle of practical politics; Administration; ethical and moral order of the society; domestic and inter-state policies; Warfare Criminology, intelligence & espionage; etc.
• Besides politics, the other subject included in "Arthashastra" are economics, ethics, sociology, science of education, engineering and others.

10. 'Agganasutta' is related with

Correct Answer: (b) Buddhist Philosophy
Solution:'Agganasutta' is related with Buddhist philosophy this is a Buddhist discourse that covers the origin of life, the casts system and the state.
• The Agganna Sutta is the 27th sutta in the Digha Nikaya collection. The word 'Agganna' means 'origin' and 'sutta' means 'dialogue'.