UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2020 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

Total Questions: 100

91. Read the passage and answer the questions (91-95):

From this perspective of democracy, representation can help democracy even if representation cannot be democratic since it cannot replicate the demos. But the phenomenon of representation reflects an emotional roller-coaster – great hope during an election campaign; great disappointment from the work of governments in office. This produces terms in part from the old idea that representative government and the demos potentially operate at cross-purposes. The office of a representative results from elections, which elevated a set of political rulers above the ruled in order to make the laws. In office, they make compromises to get legislative business done. Representatives may feel proud of what they accomplished, because they made decisions that led to compromise. But citizens can take pride in legislative work, and they mostly suffer the consequences required by the compromises. That doesn’t mean representatives always will be second- and mentioned above, their office enables them to undertake political initiatives not viable during an election campaign or to protect minorities whose needs may have been neglected. That said, the necessary activity of legislative compromise takes place above the heads and behind the backs of the people. As such, it contradict the ‘Athenian and Aristotelian understanding of democracies as political orders that depend on free deliberation and decisive power of citizens (i.e., the demos) acting with authoritative power. Citizens of Athenian democracy were said to rule and be ruled in turn, but in very case their power required the continuous presence and deliberative action of citizens.

Which of the following is reflected in the phenomenon of representation?

Correct Answer: (a) Great hopes during an election campaign
Solution:In the passage, "But the phenomenon of representation reflects an emotional roller-coaster- great hopes during an election campaign; great disappointment from the work government in office" reflects about great hopes during an election campaign are reflected in the phenomenon of representation.

92. What is the obvious outcome of an election?

Correct Answer: (c) Office of a representative

93. Athenian and Aristotelian understanding of democracies means

Correct Answer: (a) Political orders depending on the deliberative powers of citizens
Solution:In the passage “Athenian and Aristotelian understanding of democracies means political orders depending on the deliberative power of citizens.
• The Athenian democracy and Aristotle’s political and ethical writings both emphasized the importance of citizens participation in the political process and the value of political equality.

94. What takes place above the heads and behind the backs of the people?

Correct Answer: (d) Legislative compromise
Solution:According to the passage, the necessary activity of legislative compromise take place above the heads and behind the back of the people.

95. Why could have representatives felt proud of what they accomplished?

Correct Answer: (b) They made the decisions that led to the compromise
Solution:In the passage representatives may feel proud of what they accomplished because they made the decisions that led to the compromise.

96. Read the passage and answer the questions 96–100:

Ronald Dworkin's thesis is that some of the rights people have are fundamental, but many are no. They are fundamental because they are 'the rights against the state'. Dworkin says that the notion of rights as trumps "marks the distinctive concept of an individual right against the state which is the heart...... of constitutional theory in the United States." In the special supplement, Dworkin argued that the concept of right against the government becomes most useful particularly when the society is divided on racial lines into majority and minority. The right to freedom of speech and religious freedom belong to this category. Therefore, they are strong rights. He assets that these rights should be permitted and they should not be interfered or banned. These freedoms are to be allowed even if the welfare of the collectivity is infringed.
On the contrary, he also presupposes a large area of rights where the state can make legislations curtailing those rights to achieve common welfare. They can be called weak rights. Right to liberty for example becomes weak right against right to equality, a strong right. This at the outset may look contradictory, but it is not. For example, restraining the movement on the roads for safety and smooth traffic movement does not mean restraining the rights, on the other hand, putting a restriction on publication or restraining the freedom of speech will infringe the rights even if it enhances general welfare. Thus, even though in both cases rights are involved, curtailment of one is justified, whereas the other is not.

The rights claimed against the state are considered as:

Correct Answer: (a) Fundamental rights 
Solution:In the passage Ronald Dworkin’s thesis defines the fundamental rights. He claims they are fundamental because they are the rights against the state. So the right claimed against the state considered as fundamental rights.

97. The idea of right against the government becomes very useful when the society is divided into majority and minority on the basis of.

Correct Answer: (c) Race
Solution:In the passage, the idea of right against the government becomes very useful when the society is divided into majority and minority on the basis of race.
• According to Dworkin argued that the concept of right against the government becomes most useful particularly when society is divided on racial lines.

98. The strong rights need to be

Correct Answer: (c) permitted 
Solution:According to the passage, therefore they are strong rights. He asserts that these rights should be permitted and they should not be interfered or banned.
• Strong right includes freedom of speech and freedom of religious temperament it reflects the welfare of the collective.

99. Which of the following is a weak right?

Correct Answer: (c) Right to liberty
Solution:According to the passage, Right to liberty is a weak right, because it reflects example becomes a weak right against to equality a strong right.

100. The rights that can be curtailed to achieve common welfare may be called as:

Correct Answer: (d) Weak rights
Solution:According to the passage, “The right can be curtailed to achieve common welfare may be called as weak rights.