UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2022 WOMEN’S STUDIES

During the 1970s, black feminist scholaractivists, and a number of who were also LGBTQ, developed theoretical frameworks to serve as a model for other women of color, to broaden feminism's definition and scope.

The theory of those systems became known as intersectionality, a term popularized by Kimberie Crenshaw. In her 1991 article "Mapping the Margins", she explained how people who are "both women and people of color" are marginalized by "discourses that are shaped to respond to one [identity] or the other," rather than both.

To take an example, they explain, think of an LGBT African-American woman and a heterosexual white woman who are both working class. They do not experience the same levels of discrimination, even when they are working within the same structures that may locate them as poor.

Failing to acknowledge this complexity, scholars of intersectionality argue, is failing to acknowledge reality. The core of intersectionality then, they say, is coming to appreciate that all women do not share the same levels of discrimination just because they are women.

To many conservatives, intersectionality means "because you're a minority, you get special standards, special treatment in the eyes of some." It "promotes solipsism at the personal level and division at the social level." Intersectionality is thus "really dangerous" or a "conspiracy theory of victimization".

But Crenshaw said that contrary to her critics objections, intersectionality isn't "an effort to create the world in an inverted image of what it is now". Rather, she said, the point of intersectionality is to make room "for more advocacy and remedial practices" to create a more egalitarian system.

The approach of viewing race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experiencе and analysis implies:

(a) Ignores black women's experience
(b) Broadens feminist analysis
(c) Encourages an intersectional approaches
(d) Ignores the multidimensionality of Black Women's experience

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Interlocking systems that define women's lives.
(b) The way that people's social identities overlap, creating compounding experiences of discrimination
(c) All oppression is linked
(d) Woman is a catchall category that alone defines all our relationships to power

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Promotes solipsism.
(b) Special treatment to minorities.
(c) Builds a racial hierarchy with black women at the top.
(d) Broadens feminism's definition and scope.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Assertion (A): Black women are sometimes excluded from feminist theory and antiracist policy discourse because both are predicated on a discrete set of experience that often does not accurately reflect the interaction of race and gender.
Reasons (R): Black women's experience with the single-axis analysis truly captures their experiences.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Globally 2.4 billion people live without access to improved sanitation. Looking at the sanitation problems in India's, it's evident that women and girls bear a higher burden than men. The inequities suffered by women in rural or urban settings, affects them biologically, socially and economically.

The areas where impact of poor sanitation is clearly visible are - menstrual hygiene and sanitation issues as barriers to school attendance of girls, areas where women work under poor/no sanitation facilities, under-nourishment and dehydration among pregnant women and new mothers and children's health during first 1000 days.

The absence of safe and separate sanitation facilities is one of the key factors preventing girls from attending school, particularly during menstruation. Women are often vulnerable to harassment or violence when they use shared toilets, or practice open defecation.

The shame and indignity of defecating in the open affects their self-esteem. Several women wait to relieve themselves after the sun-set and consume less food and water to delay the need to relieve them which leads to health problems. Poor access to safe water and sanitation can have profound impacts for women and girls.

A lot of initiatives have been taken towards building toilets in schools, health centers, villages etc. But only building toilets is not enough, demand should also be generated through social behaviour and change in communication strategies.

Access to water, hygiene and adequate sanitation are fundamental human rights. There is a serious need to ignite behaviour change. Therefore, direct involvement of women in the planning and management of sanitation programs is important.

Hygiene promotion interventions are to be designed considering women and girls issues as priority. Knowledge/solution exchange initiatives programs from other countries and implementation of successful and cost effective technologies are important.

The delay on part of women for the need to relieve themselves leads to:

(a) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
(b) Anemia
(c) Urinary tract infections
(d) Hypothyroidism

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Assertion (A): Access to water, hygiene and adequate sanitation are fundamental human rights.
Reason (R): Direct involvement of women in the planning and management of sanitation programs is important.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

(a) Programmes to be designed, considering the need of women and girls
(b) Cost effective technologies
(c) Women's mandatory participation in planning and management of the programme (d) Non-exchange of knowledge and initiative programs from other countries

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Statement I: A better communication skill will enhance the success of the programme on sanitation and hygiene.

Statement II: There is a need to exchange ideas from various agencies and individual to promote the programme on sanitation and hygiene.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) Adverse pregnancy outcomes
(b) Maternal Morbidity
(c) Violence and Harassment
(d) Psychosocial stress

Choose the correct answer from the options given below: