UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

 The laws/rules are restricting the disclosure of official information to the people are:-
• Official secrets Act, 1923
• Commission of enquiry Act, 1952
• India evidence Act, 1872

But, fifth pay commission does not restricting the disclosure of official information to the people It recommended:-
• To the pay commission were intended to reduce the defence pension bill.
• Save on training and recruitment costs.
• Provide trained manpower to government departments and
• Provide soldiers a second career option after their term of military engagement.
• The age of retirement of central government employees from 58 years to 60 years

Chronological order of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar are:-
Annihilation of caste                              — 1936
Who were the Shudras?                        — 1946
The untouchables                                   — 1948
Future of parliamentary democracy   — 1953

Other books Dr. B.R. Ambedkar are –
• Caste in India: Their mechanism, genesis and development (1916)
• The problem of the Rupee: Its origin and its solution (1923)
• What congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables (1945)
• Buddha and his Dhamma (1957)
• Gandhi and Gandhism (1970)
• Riddle in Hinduism
• Pakistan or partition of India
• Communal Deadlock and A way to solve it
• Plea to the Foreigner
• Federation versus freedom
• History of the Indian currency and banking
• India and communism
• Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the untouchables
• State and minorities
• Maharashtra as a linguistic province

India's initiatives in support of the US in strategic collaboration since 2001 does not include.
• India voted with the US at September, 2005 International Atomic Energy compliance Board of Governors meeting to declare that Iran was non-compliant of NPT.

→ Controversy of the nuclear agreement: in 2005, the IAEA accused Iran that even after signing the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Iran is manufacturing nuclear weapons by increasing the highest concentration of nuclear at some plants. After this, a resolution was brought against Iran by the UN Security Council, India also voted against Iran in the voting held at the IAEA and sanctions were imposed on Iran.

In 2013, Iran against started efforts to lift the sanctions, in which it also got success. Permanent members of the Security Council and with the co-operation of Germany talked about ending the sanctions on Iran in the Vienna Agreement. But as soon as Donald Trump become president in 2016, he unilaterally cancelled this agreement by terming it as ‘nuclear holocaust’ and again increased the economic sanctions.

According to Amartya Sen the notion of equality are –
• Morality is not concerned only with equality.
• Basic capability, equality is a partial guide to the part of moral goodness that is associated with the idea of equality.
• The index of basic capabilities like utility, can be used in many different ways.

Some important book of Amartya Sen –
Development as freedom
The Argumentative Indian
Identity and violence
The idea of justice
Inequality Reexamined
Poverty and Famines : An Essays on Entitlement and Deprivation
The Essential Hirschman
Rationality and freedom
Collective choice and social welfare
Resource, Values and Development
The political Economy of Hunger
Choice, welfare and Measurement
Utilitarianism and Beyond

Chronologically order of books publication year.
• Two concept of liberty                  —     1958 (Isaiah Berlin)
• The constitution of liberty           —     1960 (Friedrich Hayek)
• Four Essays on liberty                  —     1969 (Isaiah Berlin)
• Liberty after freedom                    —    2022 (Rohan J Alva)

Will Kymlica is the pioneer of cultural rights. He defines three such group-specific rights that are:–
• Special group representation (such as affirmative action policies in politics).
• Self-government rights.
• Polyethnic right (such as the policy exampting sikhs from have to wear motorcycle helmets).

His important works:-
• Contemporary political philosophy: An Introduction
• Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory
• Equality
• Politics in the vernacular
• Liberalism, community and culture
• Multicultural odysseys

The logic of collective action : Public Goods and the theory of groups is a book by Marcus Olson published in 1965. Marcus Olson develops a theory of political science and economics of concentrated benefits versus diffuse costs. This book “the logic of collective action” explaining the mobilization of interest groups in comparative political analysis.

Cosmopolitan democracy– It is a political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at the transnational and global sphere. It argues that global governance of the people, by the people, for the people is possible and needed. Thinker advocating cosmopolitan democracy are Immanuel Kant, David Held, Dariele Archibugi, Richard Falk and Mary Kaldor.

Gramsci holds the view that:–
• A progress is an ideology and becoming is a philosophical conception.
• Becoming is a philosophical concept from which progress can be absent.
• Progress depend on a specific mentality.
• Progress and becoming were born at the same time.

Major themes of Gramsci's political thoughts:-
• The concept of Hegemony
• War of position Vs war of movement
• Organic intellectuals
• Cultural hegemony
• Self sufficiency of history/historical relativism
• Workers council

Gramsci (1891-1937) books –
• The Prison Note Book - 1971
• Modern Prince (1949)
• The Revolution Against Das Capital - 1917
• A Great and Terriable world : Pre-Prison Letter (1908-1926)