UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru spoke about India's approach towards the US and Soviet Union drifting towards a cold war as “They are our neighbors in Asia and inevitably we shall have to undertake many common tasks and have much to do with each other”.

Rajiv Gandhi participation at the six nation five continent peace initiative issued their appeal in May, 1984. The dialogue between the nuclear power had collapsed into accusations of ill-faith and mutual recrimination. It was a campaign to end nuclear testing.

Limited franchise was introduced by Indian council Act, 1892.

Indian Council Act, 1892
• The act increased the number of additional or non-official members in the legislative.
• The legislative councils were empowered to make new laws and repeal old laws.
• In 1892, out of 29 members only 5 were Indians.
• The principle of representation was initiated through this act.

• The members were given the rights to ask question on the budget.
• They could not ask supplementary questions.

Government of India Act-1935 –
• Divided power b/n centre & state – 3 list : Federal, Provincial & Concurrent list.
• Established All India Federation, Reserve Bank of India, provincial & joint public service commission.
• Abolished dyarchy in provinces & introduced provincial autonomy
• Adopted dyarchy at the centre.
• Introduced bicameralism in 6 provinces.
• Separate electorates extended to depressed classes, women & labour.
• Abolished council of India created by 1858 act.

Indian Independence Act 1947 are –
• It declared India as an independent and sovereign state.
• It provided for partition of India and creation of two new dominions - India and Pakistan.
• It abolished the position of secretary of state for India.
• It abolished the office of viceroy and provided for each dominion, a governor-general, who was to be appointed by the British King on the advice of the dominion cabinet.
• It empowered the constituent assemblies of the two dominions to frame and adopt any constitution for their respective nations and to repeal any act of the british parliament, including the independence act itself.
• It granted the princely states the freedom to join either of the dominions or to remain independent.
• Governance of each dominion was to be conducted based on the provisions of the GOI act, 1935.
• British monarch could no longer ask for bills or veto them. However, this was reserved for Governor-General.
• Governor-General of the dominions were made to act on the aid and advise of the council.

Kautilya's six-fold policy deal with war and peace with the neighbouring states and how a king should assess his power and what actions he needs to take to deal with the states. A wise king will scrutinise as to which of the policies he can adopt to take his kingdom toward progress.

The six method of foreign policy is as follows:-
• Peace (Sandhi)
• War (Vigraha)
• Neutrality (Asana)
• Marching (Yaana)
• Alliance (Sanmarasya)
• Waging war with one making peace with another (dvaidhibhaava)

Leviathan was written by Thomas Hobbes and published in 1651. In it Hobbes rigorously argues that civil peace and social unity are best achieved by the established of a commonwealth through social contract. Hobbes's ideal commonwealth is ruled by a sovereign power responsible for protecting the commonwealth and granted absolute authority to ensure the common defense.

Chapter of Leviathan in correct sequence–
Book I – Of man (In contain total - 16 chapter)
Chapter 1 : of sense
Chapter 2 : of imagination
Chapter 3 : of the consequence
Chapter 4 : of speech
Chapter 5 : of reason and science

Thus, correct sequence is A, B, D, C.

Neera Chandhoke argued that, “when NGOs are tied up with social movements, they have occasionality changed their political agendas.”

Neera Chandhoke – She is distinguished fellow at centre for equity studies, New Delhi, prior to this, she was professor of political science at the University of Delhi. Her recent published of books are:-
• Nelson Mandela: Peace through reconciliation
• Rethinking Pluralism,
• Democracy and revolutionary politics (2015)
• Secularism, Tolerance, Anxieties of co-existance-2019

Federation Versus Freedom is written by – B.R. Ambedkar.

Other books Dr. B.R. Ambedkar are:-
• Caste in India: Their mechanism, genesis and development (1916)
• The problem of the Rupee: Its origin and its solution (1923)
• What congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables (1945)
• Buddha and his Dhamma (1957)
• Gandhi and Gandhism (1970)
• Riddle in Hinduism
• Pakistan or partition of India
• Communal Deadlock and A way to solve it
• Plea to the Foreigner
• Federation versus freedom
• History of the Indian currency and banking
• India and communism
• Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the untouchables
• State and minorities
• Maharashtra as a linguistic province

J. Cohen defined deliberative democracy in terms of “Pluralistic association”.

Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. It often adopts elements of both consensus decision-making and majority rule. It is closely related to consultative democracy in which public consultation with citizens is central to democratic processes.

J. Cohen a student of John Rawls, argued that the five main feature of deliberative democracy include as:-

1. An ongoing independent association with expected continuation.

2. The citizen in the democracy structure their institution. Such that deliberation is the deciding factor in the creation of the institution and the institutions allow deliberation to continue.

3. A commitment to the respect of a pluralism of value and aims within the polity.

4. The citizen consider deliberative procedure as the source of legitimacy and prefer the causal history of legitimation for each law to be transparent and easily traceable to the deliberative process.

5. Each member recognize and respects other members deliberative capacity.

The commission on the status of women (CSW) was established by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) vide resolution 11 (II) on 21 July, 1946. It is a crucial global intergovernmental body dedicated to promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women.

The CSW is instrumental in promoting women's rights documenting the reality of women's lives throughout the world and shaping global standards on gender equality and the empowerment of women.

UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme established in June, 1972 (Stockholm conference, Sweden). Headquarter Nairobi, Kenya.

WHO – Founded in 1948, It is UN agency that connected nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve. Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland.

UNEF – The United Nation Emergency Force was a military and peacekeeping operation established by the United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the suez crisis of 1956 through the establishment of international peacekeepers on the border between Egypt and Israel.