UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Article 21 declares that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens. In the famous Gopalan Case (1950), the supreme court has taken a narrow interpretation of the Article 21.
It held that the protection under Article 21 is available only against arbitrary legislative action. In Menaka Gandhi case (1978), the supreme court overruled it's judgment in the Gopalan case by taking a wider interpretation of the Article 21. Therefore, it ruled that the right to life and personal liberty of a person can be deprived by a law provided the procedure prescribed by that law is reasonable, fair and just.

The right of life under Article 21 of Indian constitution are –
• Right to privacy
• Right against public hanging
• Right to good health
• Right to livelihood
• Right to live with human dignity
• Right to shelter

‘The State in capitalist society’ was written by Ralph Miliband in 1969. It describe the four decade later, and in the wake of a neoliberal era almost universally characterized in terms of the retreat of the state, “the massive scale of state intervention today makes the republication of Ralph Miliband's classic study extremely timely. It famous opening sentence on how we live in the shadow of the state and more than ever depend on its sanction and support could scarcely be more evocative of the current conjecture.”

His important book –
• Marxism and politics
• The states in capitalist society
• Divided societies
• Class power and state power
• Parliamentary socialism
• Capitalist Democracy in Britain
• Class war conservation and other essays
• Socialism for a skeptical age

The peace keeping operation in chronological order are:-

NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on 1 January, 2015.

It is the apex body of public policy think tank of the Government of India and the nodal agency tasked with catalyzing economic development and fostering cooperative federalism and moving away from bargaining federalism through the involvement of state Government of India in the economic policy-maker process using a bottom-up approach.

NITI Aayog Chairman – PM Narendra Modi
NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman – Shri Suman Bery
                                                       (1 May, 2022 present)

Lord Mayo's resolution, 1870 that postulated the introduction of an elected president in the municipalities. It gave impetus to the development of local institutions by enlarging their powers and responsibilities. The year 1870, introduced the concept of elected representatives, in Urban municipalities. Following the footsteps of Mayo, Lord Ripon in 1882 provided the much needed democratic framework to these institutions. This is considered to be the Magna Carta of local democracy in India. The local self-government institutions received a boosts with the appoint of the Royal Commission on centralisation in 1907 under the chairmanship of C.E.H. Hobhouse.

First municipal corporation was set up in the former presidency town of Madras in 1688 and was followed by similar corporations in the then Bombay and Calcutta in 1726.

Chronological order of local government
Ashok Mehta Committee  1977 — recommended to revive and strengthen the declining of                                                                     panchayati raj system
G.V.K. Rao Committee      1985 — Revival of democratic decentralisation — district as the                                                                      basic unit of planning.
L.M. Singhvi Committee  1986 — giving constitutional body to Panchayati Raj Institution.
Thungon Committee  1989        — recommended constitutional recognition for the local                                                                          government bodies.

Some other committees are:–
Balwant Rai Mehta committee (1957)     — Suggest established of a democratic decentralised.
Hanumantha Rao committee (1983)       — Suggested separate district planning bodies either                                                                                the district collector or a minister.
Dinesh Singh Bhuria Committee (1996) — ‘PESA’ Panchayat Extension to scheduled Area its                                                                                  ensuring tribal self-rule for people living in                                                                                              scheduled area of India.

The justification for humanitarian intervention lies in global interdependence and regional stability that actions lies in the belief that all human being have inherent dignity and worth, and it is our moral responsibility to protect and assist those who are suffering, vulnerable, or in need. Humanitarian efforts aim to alleviate human suffering, promote basic human rights, and provide aid during emergencies and crisis, regardless of nationality, ethnicity or political affiliation. These actions are driven by compassion, empathy and the recognition of our shared humanity.

The following statement are correct regarding parliamentary proceedings are –
• Starred questions requires an oral answer and supplementary questions can follow.
• The Adjournment motion needs the support of 50 members to admit it.
• The Zero hour starts immediately after the question hour and lasts until the agenda for the day.

• The short notice question is question is asked by giving a notice of less than 10 days. It is question on an issue of public significance and urgency for an oral answer with less than the minimum length of notice required for asking a question in the regular course.

US constitutional development in ascending order are:
• Introducing the articles of confederation — 1777 of the U.S.A
• Establishment of the federal council of the U.S.A — 1789
• Addition of bill of rights in the U.S. constitution — 1791
• 14th amendment to the U.S. constitution — 1868 that guarantees equal protection of laws

Thus, the correct order is B, A, C, D