UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

The book “Remapping India: New states and their political origins” are written by Louisie Tillin. It deals the constitutional flexibility to alter state boundaries has bolstered the stability of India's democracy.
Yet debates persist about whether the creation of more states is desirable. Political parties, regional movements and local activists continue to demand new states in different parts of the country as part of their attempts to reshape political and economic arenas.
Remapping India looks at the most recent episode of state creation in 2000, when the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand come into being in some of the poorest, yet resource rich, regions of Hind-speaking North and Central India.
Their creation represented a new turn in the country's territorial organisation. This book explains the politics that lay behind this episode of ‘post-linguistic’ state reorganisation and what it means for the future design of India's federal system.

India's foreign remain pre-occupied with concern about territorial integrity nationhood and independence of decision making. That emphasised the territorial integrity and protection of national boundaries from foreign aggression is the core interest of a nation. India had gained hard-earned independence from foreign rule after a long time. Thus, it was natural for her to give due emphasis on the independence of foreign policy.

The structural logic of the global bipolar conflict gets reflected in the regional bipolar conflict between India and Pakistan. That stated after world war-II, global politics will be divided into two parts that is emerging two superpower ties one is U.S. and another erstwhile USSR poles. Most of the regional power inclined towards the superpower such as Pakistan mostly favoured the U.S. poles and India favoured the erstwhile USSR poles. Thus, statement I and II both are correct.

“Plato proposes an ascetic communication, that purpose of which is to remove objects of desire.” He advocated for a form a asceticism in his philosophy. He believed in seeking wisdom and knowledge to transcend the material world and the desire associated with it. Through the pursuit of virtue and philosophical contemplation, he aimed to free the soul from distractions of earthly desires and attain a higher level of understanding.

Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan on his importants works “Problem of Democratic transition and consolidation” focused on the question of how, in the modern world, non-democratic regimes can be eroded and democratic regimes crafted. According to question following statement will be true:–
• Both civil society and political society are complementary to each other.
• Rule of law is condition for consolidation of democracy.
• Modern democracies must have effective capacity to command, regulate and extract.

Thus statement A, C and E only correct.

In "Nation in the west", one of the lectures published in 1917 under the title 'Nationalism'. Tagore defined the institution of the nation as "the organized self-interest of a whole people." In that lecture he offered a critique of its politics. "the truth is not that the spirit of conflict and conquest is at the origin and in the center of the western nationalism'". Nations Tagore believed, consolidated themselves through conflict and exclusion. To him nation is organized political and economic union of people for mechanical purpose power, material gain competive advantage. Important Books of Tagore:-

The basic features of Eric Hobsbawm's theory of nationalism in Europe are –
• Hobsbawm defines nationalism as the ideology that the political and national units should coincide.
• He defines nationalism, for instance as reinventing traditions.
• He views the nation as a changing, evolving modern construct that is brought into being by nation, and not the other way around.
• He agrees that there are certain political, technical, administrative and economic conditions necessary for the emergence of the nation, such as the existence of administrative and educational infrastructure.
• He identifies petty bourgeoisie as a group that advocated separatist nationalism.

His important works are –
• Nation and Nationalism since 1780
• The Invention of tradition
• Industry and empire: The birth of the industrial revolution
• On History
• Interesting Times: A Twentieth – century life
• Revolutionaries
• How to change the world
• The Transition from feudalism to capitalism
• Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism.
• On Nationalism

South Sudan is a not member of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement). NAM is a group of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide. It was established in 1961 in Belgrade, former Yugoslavia under the leadership of the then Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser and the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito.

• In the aftermath of the Second World War and the decolonisation process, many countries in the developing world in Asia and Africa felt the need for a strong movement towards securing peace and prosperity and establishing security for all country.
•  This was when the world was divided into two power blocs, that of the USA and the Soviet Union especially after the signing of the NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
•  Most of these countries felt the need for mutual cooperation and coordination with respect to not formally aligned with or against any of the power blocs.
•  The collapse of colonialism and the cold war led to the need for improved coordination among the Global South.
• It is interesting to note that the term ‘third world’ arose during the cold war era to denote countries that were not aligned to either of the two power blocs. Recently South Sudan is also Joined NAM as 121th member.