UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was an Austrian-born American Management thinker, professor and author. In this book “the practice of management” given the definition of management that is “Management is a multipurpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work”. Management has always been a pivotal aspect of running or organization. It is subjective and management approves the mechanistic model of organizational management. He is considered the father of management theory and given the theory of coined leadership terms.

His Important Works:-

• The effective executive – 1966

• Managing oneself – 2008

• The practice of management

• Management: Tasks, responsibilities and practices

• Management challenges for the 21st century

• Managing the non-profit organization – 1989 

There is a significant ideological difference between political parties in a polarized multiparty system with a strong dose of dogmatic radicalism. So, the political coalitions in polarized multiparty system are not viable. In this system coalitions are make as various base which is not permanent thus, the assertion is true but reason is false.

The principles are used to study the 'attitude of people' i.e political culture in comparative politics are -
• Converse principle
• Robinson's principle
Some other facts –
➡ Riker’s principle— To base political research on the theory of games is a very recent idea. Pioneer work in this field has been carried out by William H. Riker, whose work ‘The theory of political coalitions from 1962’ is the first coherent attempt to find a game theoretical explanation of politically important coalition formation. The most significant result of this research is the ‘size principle’, which describes political decision-making.

Riker presents two additional principle : 'The strategic principle and the disequilibrium principle'. The strategic principle is derived from the size principle, and the disequilibrium principle from the former two principles. Thus the basis of his coalition analysis forms a deductive system we can test by testing only the size principle.

➡ Rae’s factionalization Index— Index of electoral factionalization of the party system according to the formula proposed by Rae (1968). The index can take value between 1 (maximal fractionalization) and 0 (minimal fractionalization).

➡ Gallagher’s least Square Index— The Gallagher Index is a statistical analysis methodology utilised with in political science which "measures an electoral system's relative disproportionality between votes received and seats allotted in a legislature". As such, it measures the difference between the percentage of votes each party gets and percentage of seats each party gets in the resulting legislature, and it also measures this disproportionality from all parties collectively in any one given election. That collective disproportionality from the election is given a precise score, which can the be used in comparing various levels of proportionality among various elections from various electoral systems.

At COP 21 in Paris on 12 December 2015, parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris agreement builds upon the convention and for the first time bring all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist development countries to do so.
The Paris Agreement central aim so to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degress celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue effects to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees celsius. Additionally, the agreement aims to increase the ability of countries to deal with the impact of climate change, and at making finance flows consistent with a low green houses gas emissions and climate resilient pathway.

"The Provision of the Panchayats Extension to the scheduled areas Act, 1996" (PESA), extends part IX of the constitution with certain modification and exceptions to the fifth schedule area under article 244(1) of the constitution. At present, fifth schedule area exist in 10 states. To promote local self-government in rural India, the 73 constitution amendment was made in 1992. Through this amendment, a three-tier Panchayati Raj institutions was made into a law. However, its application 40 the scheduled and tribal area under Article 243(m) was restricted. After the 'Dinesh Singh Bhuria committee' recommendation in 1995, Panchayat extension to scheduled areas (PESA) act 1996 came into existence for ensuring tribal self-rule for people living in scheduled area of India. The PESA conferred the absolute powers to gram sabha wheareas state legislature has given an adivsory role to ensure the proper functioning of panchayats and gram sabha. The PESA is considered to be the backbone of tribal legislation in India. Following powers and functions have been provided to the Gram Sabhas:-
•Right to mandatory consultation in land acquisition resettlement and rehabilitiation of displaced persons.
•Protecting of traditional belief, the culture of the tribal communities.
•Ownership of minor forest products.
•Resolution of the local disputes.
•Prevention of land alienation.
•Management of village markets.
•Right to control production, distillation, and prohibition of liquor.
•Exercise of control over money-lending.
•Any other rights involving the scheduled tribes.

The globalisation is promote free exchange of goods, it impact we can seen on terrorism that are globalisation has permitted exchange of ideas and good which is exploited by terroists groups. The internet has allowed terrorist to recruit new followers. New technologies allow terrorists to operate in highly distributed network.
Thus, the statement A, B C only is most appropriate.

The idea of satyagraha was successfully organised by Gandhi ji in 1915. Satyagraha was successfully organised in a number of places including Ahmedabad (Kheda) Bihar (Champaran) and also is South Africa. The word Satyagraha refers to following the path of truth and non-violence to attain freedom and fight against injustice. Five points about Gandhi idea of Satyagraha are:-
1. According to Gandhi, Satyagraha was a unique weapon to fight injustice.
2. The idea of Satyagraha highlighted to power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
3. Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation, which stressed the principle of truth tolerence, nonviolence and peaceful protests.
4. Satyagraha supported that for true cause and struggle against injustice, physical force is not required to fight with the oppressor.
5. Gandhi believed that the Satyagraha battle will be won and this battle also unite the Indians by this dharma of truth and non-violence.
According to question, the Gandhi idea of Satyagraha as a diologue that are the nature of Gandhi's truth is antitheical to equality and in such a dialogue parties are consrturcted as the adversary.
Some important books of Gandhi ji -

→ Hind Swaraj (1909) – Here he express his view on swaraj, mechanization and modern civilization

→ The story of my experiments with truth (1927) – It is an autobiography, where he describes his struggle against racism, violence and colonialism. It is a window to the evolution of his ideas over a period of time.

→ Satyagraha in South Africa (1928)

→ India of my Dreams (1947)

Magazines –

→ Indian opinion, founded by Gandhi ji, in 1903 in South Africa, it was published in Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil and English.

→ Navjivan (Gujarat Weekly) was started in September 1919. Later in 1947 with the permission of Gandhi ji, The Associated Ltd started Navjivan as a daily Hindi newspaper.

→ Young India (English weekly) – (1919-33)

→ Harijan in English (1933), Harijan bandhu in Gujarati, Harijan sevak in Hindi.

Chronologically order the moments of crisis of modern capitalism are:-
Mexican economic crisis                            - 1994
Argentina ecomic crisis                              - 1998
Dot com crisis IT - related stocks             - 2000
U.S. Sub-prime mortage crisis                  - 2007