UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

John Rawls (1921–2002) is contemporary liberalist, it associated with egalitarianism. Egalitarian means a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political and economic affairs. The concept associated with Rawls are-
• Veil of ignorance
• Primary social goods
• Pure procedural justice
John Rawls Books:-
(1) A Theory of Justice - (1971)
(2) Political Liberalism (1993)
(3) Lecture on the History of Moral Philosophy - (2000)
(4) Justice is fairness - A Restatement (2001)

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883-1966). He was a scholar, social worker and revolutionary from Maharashtra.

• Mitra Mela, 1889 (renamed it as Abhinav Bharat society in 1904)
• Free India society in London, 1906.

→ He got arrested for his involvement in Nashik Conspiracy case.
→ He got elected as the President of Hindu Mahasabha in 1937.
→ He described the Revolt of 1857 as the 1st war of Independence in his book, "Indian war of independence"

→ His important works-
• The Indian war of independence, 1857 (1909)
• Hindutva : who is a Hindu (1923)
• Hindu - Pad - Padashahi - (1925)

NPM (New Public Management) is the latest paradigm in the evolution of public administration. It come into existence in the 1990. David Osborne and Ted Gabler's 1992 book "Reinventing Government" led to the birth of New Public Management (NPM).

→ NPM represents another re-invention in public administration, the first re-invention was the New Public Administration (NPA) that come in the 1960.
The term 'New Public Management' was coined by Christopher Hood.

• The goals of NPM are 3E [i. Efficiency, Economy, Effectiveness]
NPM believes in privatization, marketism, competition, minimum gov., maximum governance, downsizing etc.
NPM is aggressively result oriented and objective focused, public administration from the managerial angle and in the separation of steering from rowing. It doesn't attributes like raw bureaucratic power, internalization and concentration.

The notion of a 'universal sisterhood' is one of the central tenets of radical feminism in the 1970s. This idea of a sisterly formed among women irrespective of race, class, creed, colour or ethnicity urges women across the globe to unite for mutual support in fighting against patriarchal oppression. In the Feminism, Radical, liberal and Marxist Feminist were claim the concept of 'Universal Sisterhood' whereas as Black Feminists were reject the claim of universal sisterhood.

Nehru's constitutional Draft, 1928 :- The Nehru Report of 1928 was a memorandum All Parties conference in British India to appeal for a new dominion status and a federal set-up of government for the constitution of India. It also proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation of seats for peoples in the resolutions.

• Karachi Resolution, 1931:- The Karachi session of the Indian National congress, held in 1931, some basic value, like universal adult franchise, the right to freedom and equality, and protection of the right of the peoples, were accepted by all leader.

• The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce Act) Bill, 1986:- An act to protect the rights of Muslim women who have been divorced, by, or have obtained divorce from, their husbands and to provide for matters connected there with.

• Triple Talaq Bill 2018:- It declares the instant divorce granted by pronouncement of talaq three times as void and illegal, It provides for imprisonment for a term up to 3 years and fine to the husband who practiced instant triple talaq.

Thus, statement A, B, C does not concerned with minority rights.

Nancy Shoemaker described twelve types of colonialism. These are -

Hawthorne experiment were given by Elton Mayo. It is designed to study how different aspect of the work environment, such as lighting of breaks and the length of the work day had an on worker productivity.
Sociologist Daniel Bell criticised Hawthorne experiment of Elton Mayo as they meant to link production with work satisfaction in away cows are kept satisfied to increase their milk production. He called the work of Elton Mayo and human relation 'cow sociology', for making workers content and satisfied so that they could produce more.
Thus, united auto workers in USA association has lashed out at mayoism and branded the Hawthorne researchers as "cow sociologists".

The Chronological order are –

• Sakhi Samiti – 1896 By Swarna kumari Devi it aim to help helpless, orphans & widows.
• Women India Association – 1917 By Annie Besant
• National council of women in India – 1925
• All India women's conference – 1927 By Margaret cousin

The Henderson-Brooks report is the report of an investigative commission, which conducted an operations review of the Indian Army's operation during the Sino-Indian war of 1962.

• The US-India Nuclear Pact – 2008
• Central Asian Nuclear weapon free zone treaty signed on 8 September 2006 it includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.