UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Total Questions: 100

91. In is argued that global justice theories have the manifest goal of universalizing the postulates of liberalism by conceptualizing the world as one political entity. Darrel Moellandorf has reasoned that if we can support justice within the borders of a nationstate, the same reason applies for supporting the justice globally. In 1972, the philosopher Peter Singer published his main arguments about global aspects of morality, interwind with justice, in an influential essay 'Famine, Affluence and Morality'.

He reflected that suffering and death due to starvation, lack of basic health and medical facilities or shelter are simply bad. If the people of affluent West have capacity to prevent something bad without sacrificing anything of comparable importancе, they are morally obliged to do that.
The need of strangers, that is, people of other than our own fellow citizens or neighbours is equally morally compelling. In a subsequent book entitled 'One World'. Singer took the argument further and said that world is interrelated and intertwined therefore, we need a transborder ethical оr global understanding of justice.
Thomas Nagel adding to the debate says that the least controversial claims we could make in international political theory is that we do not live in a just world. There may be plenty of space for disagreement about the most effective methods to deal with problems of global poverty, starvation, malnutrition and death due to associated reasons: but, some form of humane assistance from the well-of to those in dire needs is clearly called for, apart from any demand of justice, if we are not ethical egoists.
The debate on global justice has been taking rounds on academic and intellectual platforms for almost three decades and commands a great deal of attention.
What is the direct philosophical basis of global justice?

Correct Answer: (b) Universalization of liberalism
Solution:

According to passage, the direct philosophical basis of global justice theories have the manifest goal of universalizing the postulates of liberalism by conceptualizing the world as one political entity.

92. Who said we do not live in a just world?

Correct Answer: (c) Thomas Negel
Solution:According to passage, Thomas Nagel said we do not live in a just world. A she adding to the debate says that the least controversial claim we could make in international political theory.

93. The national leaders find it difficult to agree on what, as per the passage?

Correct Answer: (c) The most effective methods to deal with global justice
Solution:

According to passage, the national leaders find it difficult to agree on the most effective methods to deal with global justice become there may be plenty of space for disagreement about the problem of global poverty, starvation, malnutrition.

94. What is not termed as 'bad' in the passage

Correct Answer: (d) Poverty related discases
Solution:In the passage the termed as 'bad' not used for Poverty related diseases. It use for suffering and death due to starvation, lack of basic health and medical facilities or shelter only.

95. Who authored the famous 'Famine, Affluence and Morality

Correct Answer: (b) Peter Singer
Solution:According to passage, Peter singer published his main arguments about global aspects of morality, interwind with justice, in an influential essay 'Financе. Affluence and morality'.

96. Buddha saw politics not as an end in itself but as an instrument that could either provide favourable conditions or create harmful obstructions for individual's personal advancement. He recognized that the government is necessary to provide social order and welfare and that its values, content, and processes should be consistent with the 'Dharma'. Here Dharma refers to the teachings of Buddha and their realization, which are offered as universal or natural law.

These laws are not created by Buddha, they operate with or without him but Buddha revealed these laws and recommended that we examine them and act accroding, not through blind faith but through a process of rational human assessment. A fundamental principle of Dharma relevant to politics is the equality and dignity of all individuals.
Buddha stressed that all human being have an inherent worth and capacity of enlightenment, called "Buddha nature". In contrast to the prevailing ritualism.
Buddha rejected the caste system and argued that virtue were distributed equally, and hierarchically, across society. Buddha's teachings also reflect the principle of equality when he prescribes that monarchy, during his life time, should be based on populate consent (not divine right), conducted in a consultation with the governed, even-handed in the application of justice, and conform to the Dharma, Buddha's own political creation, the sangha, is governed by strict equality in is rules for admission, participation, administration, and dispute resolution.
Given below are two attachments: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: The caste system became invalid as the Buddha simply denied its relevance towards reaching salvation.
Reason R: Buddhists believe every living organism is equal to other.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Solution:The caste system became invalid as the Buddha simply denied its relevance towards reaching salvation because Buddhist believe every living organism is equal to other.

97. Which of the following is not correct?

Correct Answer: (c) Buddha denies that all human beings have an inherent worth and capacity for enlightenment
Solution:Buddha denies that all human beings have an inherent worth and capacity for enlightenment.

98. Given below are two statements.

Statement I: Buddha believed in popular consent for government.
Statement II: Buddha says that there are divine rights of people.
In the light of the above statement, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
Solution:

Buddha's teachings also reflect the principle of equality when he prescribes that monarchy, during his life time, should be based on populate consent for governed, (not divine right), conducted in a consultation with the governed:

99. Which one of the following is not correct about 'sangha'?

Correct Answer: (c) It was governed in centralized form
Solution:According to passage, the 'Sangha' was not governed in centralized form. It is governed by strict equality in is rules for admission, participation, administration, and dispute resolution.

100. Which of the following are correct?

A. In Buddhist perspective, natural things and natural laws are not created by God or any other supernatural power.
B. Buddha recognized that legitimacy of government is based on the Dharma based conduct of the ruler and the ruled.
C. Buddhists argued that virtues were distributed equally, not hierarchically, across society
D. Buddha's own creation. 'The Sangha was governed by God.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: (a) A, B and C only
Solution:

According to passage, In Buddhist perspective natural things and natural laws are not created by god or any other supernatural power. Buddha recognized that legitimacy of government is based on the Dharma based conduct of the ruler and the ruled. Buddhists argued that virtues were distributed equally, not hierarchically, across society.