UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Lyndall Urwick principles of organization-
The Principle are-

1. The Principle of objectives, that the organization should have a clear goal.

2. The Principle of correspondence, that the authority and responsibility should be equal.

3. The Principle of responsibility, that the superior is absolutely responsible for the work of subordinates.

4. The scalar principle that a pyramidical type of structure is build up in an organization.

5. The Principle of span of control

6. The Principle of specialization, that the limiting one's work to a single function.

7. The Principle of coordination.

8. The Principle of definition, that the clear prescription of every duly.

Thus, Principle of Generalization is not part of Urwick principle of organization.

Lyndall Urwick Book are.
• 'The elements of administration' (1944)

Peter Drucker associated with management theory. Drucker gave importance to the objective function and specified the division where clear objective is necessary. These are innovation, productivity, market standing, financial resources, profitability managerial performance and development, employee performance and social responsibility. Drucker wrote a article for 'The wall street Journal' (1993). It was entitled "The Five Deadly Business Sins". It could have been called "The Five Deadly Marketing Sins". That are-Dogmatism, Having lofty objectives, attempting to do several things, Greater number of employees, Giving problems over |opportunities.

The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), formerly known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative (IORI) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), is an international organisation consisting of 23 states bordering the Indian ocean. It is based on the principles of for strengthening economic cooperation particularly on trade facilitation and Investment, promotion as well as Social Development of the region. IORA established on March 1997. The Coordinating secretarial of IORA is located at Ebene, Mauritus. 'Sagar Panchayat' exercise/project initiated by India to link Indian Ocean Rim Countries.

Martin Wight is the author of "Why is there no international theory".
•Power Politics
•International Theory: The Three Traditions.
•Systems of states
•Diplomatic Investigations
•International Relations and Political Philosophy

H.J. Laski said "Political equality, therefore, is never real unless it is accompanied by virtual economic equality; political power". According to Laski, "Right are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general, to be himself at his best." Whereas T. H. Green explained that "Rights are powers necessary for the fulfillment of man's vocation as a moral being. Other book H. J. Laski (1893-1950) are
•The grammar of politics
•The collected Legal paper
•An Introduction to politics
•American Democracy
•The Dilemma of our Times
•Authority in the modern states
•Democracy in crisis
•The Foundation of Sovereignity
•Liberty in the Modern State
•Parliamentary Government
•The State in theory and practice

Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922)
•'Women Dharmaniti' (Marathi Language)-1882 The cry of Indian women' was written originally in marathi by Rambai's specifically about the devastating condition of the Indian women ineluded marriage at a very carly age, after marital harrassment and heinous practice that were forced to followed by a hindu widow.
•The High Caste Hindu women 1887' originally in 'Marathi Language". It can be called the first Indian Feminist manifesto, it describes the inferior status of hindu women. It describes the Childhood, married life and widowhood of a hindu women.
•People of United State - 1888
•The condition of the women in the U.S.A 1889
•Famine experiment in India - 1890
•A Testimony of ours in Exhaustible treasure-1917 (This is the story of his conversion to Christianity)
•Mukti prayer Bill-English magazine started in 1903.
•In 1898, 'Kripa Sadan' was stated for the salvation of misguided women.
•In 1919, Ramabai was decorated with the title of 'Kesar-e-Hind' by the British government for the activates of social reform.

Normative Political Theory is a theory that is based upon cultural and social values and norms. It examines the interests and priorities of the people under a government. Isaiah Berlin say that, it is concerned with "the discovery and application of moral notions in the sphere of political relations and practice". Basic Features:-

• Normative approach searches for universal values concerning political activities.

• The theoretical component of normative approach are philosophical, legal, historical and institutional.

• It emphasizes on 'what ought to be rather than what is in politics.

• Its method of analysis is based on ethical standard and moral values. Main Exponents:- Bertrand de Jouvenal, Eric Voegelin, Yves Simon, Hannan Arendt.

David Held view that the globalization is transformationalism. Accordingly, the term 'globalisation' reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural mattes across the world creating a 'shared social space'. Given this interconnectedness, globalization may be defined as "a process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. Some important book of David held-

• Models of democracy

• Globalization/Anti-Globalization

• Global Transformations: Politics, Economics

• Political theory and the modern state

• Globalization theory : Approaches and Controversies

• A globalizing world ? : Culture, Economics

• Cosmopolitanism : ideals and realities

According to Gramsci, these are part of his contend for power and control within society. The "war of maneuver" refers to phases of intense and direct struggle, often involving swift and dynamic action to gain advantage. This phase is characterized by more overt confrontation between classes and political forces. On the other hand, the "war of position" refers to a more prolonged and subtle phase, where classes and ideologies work to establish their influence and dominance through institutions, cultural means, and ideological control. This phase aims to shape the norms and values of society over time. These concept are central to Gramsci's theory of hegemony, which explores how ruling classes maintain their power not only through coercion but also through the shaping of societal norms and ideas. Gramsci (1891-1937) Book

• The Prison Note book - 1971

• Modern Prince

• The Revolution Against Das Capital - 1917

• A Great and Terrible World : The Pre-Prison Letter (1908-1926)