UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Rani Gaidinliau (1915-1993) was born in Tamenglong district of Manipur. The Naga Spiritual and political leader, who led an armed uprising against the british in Manipur, Nagaland and Assam, belonged to the Rongmei Tribe (also known as Kabui). In 1927, at the age 13, Gaidinliu joined the Heraka movement, which aimed at revival of the Naga tribal religion and establish self-rule of Nagas (Naga Raj) ending the british rule.
She used guerilla warfare against british. She was arrested in 1932 and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the british rules. After being released in 1947, she continued to work for the betterment of the community and preached Gandhian principle. Nehru described Gaidinliu as "daughter of the hills" and gave her the title of "Rani" for her courage. She was also awarded a Padma Bhushan.

Individualism emphasises individual freedom and personal achievements, independent of a collective. In the political theory which places most importance on the rights of each person and tries to free each person from too much social control and restriction. Negative Liberalism consider as the individualism founder of individualism is John Locke but Thomas Hobbes is the first thinker who used individualism.
Basic principle of individualism is Laisser Faiz which means 'Leave me alone' it means leave the individual to his will and the state should least interfere in its work. Individualism allows the state to interfere only when one person is unnecessary in the work/freedom of another person. Interferes with personality development. Individualistic view minimum governance is the best quality of state. Adam smith firstly give basis of individualism in the economic but John Locke is the main thinker who established it in real from.

According to individualism- 'State is necessary evil'.
The following functions of the government are-
• To protect the state and individual from foreign invasion.
• Protecting person from person.
• To Protect the property.
• Protecting individual from false contracts/condition.
• Protecting the unworthy.
• Protecting individuals from obstructive evils. (Plague, malaria, covid-19 etc preventable evils)

Article 124 of the Indian constitution- establishment of the Supreme Court of India. Article 124 (4) enshrines the procedure for removal of the Supremes Court Judges. Article 218 provides impeachment of High Court Judges. Removal proceeding against a Supreme Court or a High Court Judge can be initiated in any of the house of parliament.

For this:-

1. A minimum of 100 member of Lok Sabha may give a signed notice to the Speakers or

2. A minimum of 50 member of Rajya Sabha may give a signed notice to the Chairman.

The Speakers or Chairman may consult individuals and examine relevant content related to notice and awarding to that, he or she may decide to either admit or refuse the motion.

"Law is the command of that person whose percept contains in the reason of obedience." - is related to "De Cive" (of 1642) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). In the 'de cive' Hobbes describes 'the three subject - body, man, citizen and everything is explained on the basis of 'Mechanical Speed'.
• It contains the definition of 'Sovereignty' and its explanation.

Postcolonial feminism theory is primarily conference with the representation of women in once colonized countries. While post colonial theorist struggles against the main colonial discourse that aimed at misrepresenting him as inferior, she suffers from "double colonization" as she simultaneously experience the oppression of colonialism and patriarchy. She has to resist the control of colonial power not only as a colonized subject the following point as post-colonial feminism are-

• There are differences not only between man and women but also between women from different part of the world.
• Factor such as culture, ethnicity and geographic location are important for understanding marginalization of women.
• Post- colonial theorist situates historical knowledge of the colonialism with regard to cultural, economic and political oppression.

Some important concept related to postcolonial are-
• Edward Said : Orientalism
• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak : can the subaltern speak
• Homi K. Bhabha : The subaltern can speak
• Chandra Talpade Mohanty : Third World Feminist

Political Development - Political development has been articulated to be part of society. It helps to shape development choices, strategies, trajectories and outcomes. Political development is a complex idea that is constantly evolving.

Political development emphasis on three thing -
• Importance of democracy
• Importance of change in society
• The dimension of the consequences of change in society.

Concept of Political development by Lucian Pye-
He defines it as the cultural diffusion and adaptation; Fusion and adjustment of old patterns of life to new demands. In his work on Aspects of Political Development he highlights some important characteristics of political development. Lucian Pye generally offer us three important aspects of political development viz., equality, capacity and differentiation.

According to Lucian Pye, social stresses occur during the process of political modernization as a result of growing demand for equality and participation. He identifies six crisis in political development are-
The identity crisis, the legitimacy crisis, the penetration crisis, the participation crisis, the integration crisis and the distribution crisis.

Some important books of Lucian Pye-
• Asian Power And Politics: The Cultural Dimension
• The Spirit of Chinese Politics
• Mao - Tse- Tung: The Man in the leader
• Dynamics of Chinese Politics
• Politics Culture and Political Development
• Communication and Political Development
• South East Asia's Political Systems
• Politics, Personality and Nation Building

Concept related to J.P. Narayan is total revolution during the bihar movement (early and mid 1970's) issue of corruption and authoritarianism, he put forwards the idea of Sampoorna Kranti or Total Revolution to bring fundamental changes in the electoral, administrative, economic, social, Political and educational system of the country.

Originally, the concept of total revolution was evolved by Vinoba-Bhave but JP encompasses in it the basic elements of socio-economic and political aspects that will make India a true democracy with federal participatory, equitable and prosperous nation in the world.

Social Action and Social Reforms both have normative ends which means they are driven by specific values, beliefs or principle related to what is considered morally right or just in society. Social reforms refer to deliberate change or improvements made to existing social, economic, or political structure to address specific social issue or inequalities.
These changes are often implement through policy and institutional modifications to better sever the needs of the society. Social reform are typically guided by normative goals such as reducing poverty, promoting human right, providing equal opportunities and enhancing the overall well-being of individuals and communities.

Every official is responsible to and under the control of his administrative superior who known as minister in a parliamentary government. The minister is responsible for all what goes within his department. The doctrine of ministerial responsibility department is a cardinal principle of parliamentary system. The minister or executive exercise control over administration through the following methods-

• Political direction
• Budgetary system
• Recruitment system
• Ordinances
• Staff agencies
• Civil Service Code

Political Economy of Reforms in India discusses the political economy of the country's growth, globalization, and welfare. It finds that the political economy of growth and globalization are intimately connected. It recognised the ideational change of 1980's were important to understand globalization of economy in 1991, and state-driven nationalization demand a powerful state.
The political economy of welfare though dependent to a much greater extent on state intervention than growth is critically dependent on the growth process. Governments and markets can both fail to deliver understanding the political process of economic change is critical for evolving a view about the importance of governments and markets in economic activity.