UGC NET/JRF EXAM, JUNE-2025 POLITICAL SCIENCE (Paper-II)

The first meeting between Prime Minister Modi and Donald Trump after Donald Trump's swearing-in for a second term as President on January 20, 2025, took place on February 13-14, 2025, in Washington.

To make the Panchayati Raj system, which has been in place since October 2, 1959, effective, permanent, and useful, the G.V.K. Rao Committee presented a report in 1985. This report suggested institutions of local self-governance at the village and district levels and also recommended providing a constitutional framework for them.

The official name of the G.V.K. Rao Committee was the 'Committee to Review the Administrative Arrangements for Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Programs'.

As a result of continuous efforts for women's rights and human rights at the international level, а National Commission for Women was constituted in India by enacting the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. It started functioning in 1992. The first chairperson of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik. Currently, Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar is its chairperson. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.

• Minimum Wages Act (1948) - This is a labour law passed by the Parliament of India that determines the wages to be paid to skilled and unskilled workers.

• Mission Indradhanush: On the occasion of Good Governance Day, the Central Ministry of Health, Government of India, launched this initiative on December 25, 2014, to bring all children under immunization.

• The National Skill Development Mission was approved by the Union Cabinet in July 2015.

• Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan Yojana - This is a central sector pension scheme launched in 2019, administered by the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

• The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on September 27, 2021, via video conferencing.

Maslow presented the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in his article (A Theory of Human Motivation) published in 1943. According to this theory, needs motivate humans to act. Human needs are never fully satisfied, so the state of complete satisfaction never arrives.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs includes:
Physiological and Physical Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs

The author of the book published in 1792 is Mary Wollstonecraft. This book revitalized the feminist movement. She contributed to the 'Women's Suffrage Movement' in Britain.

Fundamental Rights are described in Part III of the Constitution. According to Article 17, untouchability has been abolished. Article 24 prohibits the employment of children in factories and hazardous work. Part IV describes the Directive Principles of State Policy.

• Abolition of Untouchability (Article 17)
• Prohibition of employment of children in factories (Article 24)
• Equal justice and free legal aid (Article 39A)
• Promotion of cooperative societies (Article 43B)
• Separation of Judiciary from Executive (Article 50)

Carl von Clausewitz, who described war as merely a tool of politics, wrote in his book 'On War (1832)' that war is merely the continuation of politics. Clausewitz believed that war is not a separate event but an extension of politics.